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Adiciona seção EGSIS e ilustrações de filtro de gabor
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ryukinix committed Nov 20, 2023
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157 changes: 154 additions & 3 deletions 2-textuais/2-fundamentacao-teorica.tex
Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
Expand Up @@ -325,9 +325,26 @@ \subsection{Filtros de gabor}\label{sec:filtros-gabor}
(para o domínio da frequência). A função gaussiana serve para limitar
a aplicação do filtro a uma pequena região da imagem (localização
espacial), enquanto a função harmônica complexa permite capturar
características em uma determinada orientação.
características em uma determinada orientação. Na
figura~\ref{fig:gabor-filters}, é ilustrado variações dos

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gabor

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gabor-filters

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filtros de gabor com diferentes parâmetros e a convolução resultante.

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gabor

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<inserir imagem ilustrando os filtros>
\begin{figure}[!h]
\captionsetup{width=12cm}
\Caption{\label{fig:gabor-filters}

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gabor

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gabor-filters

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Filtros de gabor variando a angulação $\theta$ e a convolução resultante.

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gabor

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}
\centering
\UFCfig{}{\fbox{\includegraphics[width=12cm]{figuras/gabor-filters}}}{\Fonte{\cite{Kmrinen2012GaborFI}}}

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gabor

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gabor-filters

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\end{figure}
\FloatBarrier{}

A operação de convolução entre uma imagem qualquer $ x $ e um filtro de
gabor $ k $, pode ser dada pela seguinte equação:

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gabor

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\begin{equation}
(y * k)(i, j) = \sum_{m} \sum_{n} x(i-m, j-n) k(m, n)
\end{equation}

A extração de características usando filtros de Gabor geralmente
envolve a convolução da imagem com um conjunto de filtros de
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -651,4 +668,138 @@ \subsection{Modelagem matemática LCU com grafo ponderado}\label{sec:lcu-math}

\section{EGSIS}\label{sec:teorica-egsis}

A ser escrito, algoritmo \gls{EGSIS} agregador que une todas as partes.
O algoritmo \gls{EGSIS} é a técnica de segmentação de imagens proposta

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gls

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proposta neste trabalho. Todas as seções anteriores da fundamentação
teórica foram introduzidas para explicar o funcionamento dessa técnica
que será descrita nessa seção.

O modelo \gls{EGSIS} permite a execução de uma segmentação transdutiva

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gls

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transdutiva

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de imagens na presença de uma rotulação parcial da imagem. Essa
técnica possui etapas flexíveis para refinamento e otimização, quanto
a método de extração de características, quantidade de superpixels,
função de similaridade entre outros.

Ao considerar as características do algoritmo LCU explicada na
seção~\ref{sec:teorica-lcu}, esse algoritmo também pode ser usado para
aprendizado semi-supervisionado multi-classe.

O ponto central desse método de segmentação é realizar uma
transformação do domínio da imagem para uma rede complexa que seja
compatível com a dinâmica coletiva \gls{LCU}. Para isso, uma

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gls

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pré-segmentação é realizada usando superpixels através do algoritmo
SLIC. Os rótulos iniciais da imagem são propagados aos superpixels
baseado numa votação: a classe que tiver maior números de pixels
rotulados, atribui-se aquela classe ao superpixel.

Ao obter os superpixels e os rótulos iniciais, é construido uma rede

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construido

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complexa onde os vértices representam os superpixels e as arestas a
vizinhança com grau de similaridade entre os superpixels. Para
calcular a similaridade de cada aresta, primeiro é executado para cada
superpixel o metódo de extração de características selecionado, que

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metódo

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nesse caso pode ser filtros de gabor ou matrizes de co-ocorrência,

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gabor

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então calcula-se a similaridade entre os superpixels com uma métrica
de similaridade selecionada.

Nessa etapa, tem-se preparado a rede complexa para execução do sistema
dinâmico \gls{LCU} a fim de propagar os rótulos no grafo. No final da

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gls

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execução do \gls{LCU}, é reconstruído uma máscara de segmentação

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gls

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baseado nas rotulções dos vértices restantes em cada superpixel

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rotulções

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não-rotulado. Por fim, obtem-se uma matriz de labels correspondendo

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obtem-se

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cada pixel ao rótulo de segmentação desejado.

No Algoritmo~\ref{alg:egsis} é descrito em etapas o
funcionamento geral do método.

\begin{algorithm}[h!]
\SetSpacedAlgorithm{}
\caption{\label{alg:egsis} EGSIS}
\Entrada{Imagem, rotulações parciais}
\Resultado{Imagem segmentada}
\Inicio{
Inicializa os hiperparâmetros do modelo \gls{EGSIS}\;

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hiperparâmetros

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Segmenta a imagem em $n$ superpixels usando \gls{SLIC}\;

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gls

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Realiza a construção da rede complexa baseado nos superpixels\;
Atribui os superpixels rotulados baseado na anotação parcial\;
Calcula o vetor de características para cada superpixel\;
Calcula a similaridade entre superpixels da vizinhaça\;

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vizinhaça

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Executa a dinâmica LCU sobre a rede complexa gerada\;
Reconstrói a máscara de segmentação baseado nos vértices rotulados\;
}
\end{algorithm}


A seguir uma ilustração da execução do algoritmo em algumas etapas. Na
Figura~\ref{fig:egsis-init}, é observado duas etapas sendo
realizadas: na imagem (\subref{fig:egsis-superpixels}) a segmentação

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egsis-superpixels

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por superpixels, na imagem (\subref{fig:egsis-complex-networks}) a rede

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egsis-complex-networks

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complexa gerada através dos superpixels.


\begin{figure}[!h]
\centering
\captionsetup{width=14cm}
\Caption{\label{fig:egsis-init}
Construção de superpixels e a rede complexa no modelo EGSIS.\@
}

\begin{subfigure}[b]{0.45\textwidth}
\centering
\UFCfig{}{\fbox{\includegraphics[width=7cm]{figuras/egsis-superpixels}}}

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UFCfig

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fbox

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\caption{\label{fig:egsis-superpixels}}

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egsis-superpixels

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\end{subfigure}
\quad
\begin{subfigure}[b]{0.45\textwidth}
\centering
\UFCfig{}{\fbox{\includegraphics[width=7cm]{figuras/egsis-complex-networks}}}

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egsis-complex-networks

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fbox

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\caption{\label{fig:egsis-complex-networks}}

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egsis-complex-networks

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\end{subfigure}
{\Fonte{\fonteautor}}

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fonteautor

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\quad
\end{figure}
\FloatBarrier{}



Na Figura~\ref{fig:egsis-lcu}, tem-se alguns superpixels
anotados em azul e vermelho, uma segmentação em duas classes. Na outra
imagem, é ilustrado o resultado após a continuação da
execução. Perceba que boa parte da imagem foi segmentada corretamente, mas houve
alguns erros visíveis.

\begin{figure}[!h]
\centering
\captionsetup{width=14cm}
\Caption{\label{fig:egsis-lcu}
Etapa do método EGSIS para propagar rótulos iniciais através do
sistema dinâmico LCU.\@
}

\begin{subfigure}[b]{0.45\textwidth}
\centering
\UFCfig{}{\fbox{\includegraphics[width=7cm]{figuras/egsis-partial-labeled}}}

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UFCfig

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fbox

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\caption{\label{fig:egsis-partial-labeled}}

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\end{subfigure}
\quad
\begin{subfigure}[b]{0.45\textwidth}
\centering
\UFCfig{}{\fbox{\includegraphics[width=7cm]{figuras/egsis-execution}}}

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fbox

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\caption{\label{fig:egsis-execution}}

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egsis-execution

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\end{subfigure}
{\Fonte{\fonteautor}}

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fonteautor

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\quad
\end{figure}
\FloatBarrier{}

Por fim, obtem-se a seguinte máscara de segmentação ao atribuir os

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obtem-se

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rótulos dos vértices para os superpixels iniciais, assim sendo
possível reconstruir uma máscara de segmentação como ilustrado na
Figura~\ref{fig:egsis-mask}.

\begin{figure}[h!]
\captionsetup{width=12cm}
\Caption{\label{fig:egsis-mask}
Máscara de segmentação final e a imagem original.\@
}
\centering
\UFCfig{}{\fbox{\includegraphics[width=12cm]{figuras/egsis-segmentation-mask}}}{\Fonte{\fonteautor}}

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UFCfig

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egsis-segmentation-mask

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\end{figure}
30 changes: 19 additions & 11 deletions 3-pos-textuais/referencias.bib
Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
Expand Up @@ -401,16 +401,24 @@ @inproceedings{kumar2014detailed

% para citar imagem sobre manhattan vs euclidean
@Inbook{Singh2019,
author="Singh, Himanshu",
title="Image Processing Using Machine Learning",
bookTitle="Practical Machine Learning and Image Processing: For Facial Recognition, Object Detection, and Pattern Recognition Using Python",
year="2019",
publisher="Apress",
address="Berkeley, CA",
pages="89--132",
abstract="We start this chapter by examining a few of the most widely used image processing algorithms, then move on to machine learning implementation in image processing. The chapter at a glance is as follows:",
isbn="978-1-4842-4149-3",
doi="10.1007/978-1-4842-4149-3_5",
url="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-4149-3_5"
author="Singh, Himanshu",

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Himanshu

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title="Image Processing Using Machine Learning",
bookTitle="Practical Machine Learning and Image Processing: For Facial Recognition, Object Detection, and Pattern Recognition Using Python",
year="2019",
publisher="Apress",

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Apress

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address="Berkeley, CA",
pages="89--132",
abstract="We start this chapter by examining a few of the most widely used image processing algorithms, then move on to machine learning implementation in image processing. The chapter at a glance is as follows:",
isbn="978-1-4842-4149-3",
doi="10.1007/978-1-4842-4149-3_5",

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doi

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url="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-4149-3_5"

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doi

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}

% imagem sobre filtros de gabor

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gabor

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@inproceedings{Kmrinen2012GaborFI,
title={Gabor features in image analysis},

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Gabor

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author={Joni-Kristian K{\"a}m{\"a}r{\"a}inen},

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inen

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booktitle={International Conference on Image Processing Theory Tools and Applications},
year={2012},
url={https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14909537}
}
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