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Table of Contents

  1. Introduction
  2. Precompiler Overview
  3. Runtime Overview
  4. References
  5. Validators
  6. Runtime Compiler
  7. Initial Render
  8. Rerendering (Updating)
  9. The Environment
  10. Optimizations

Introduction

Glimmer is a flexible, low-level rendering pipeline for building a "live" DOM from a superset of the Handlebars templating language that can subsequently be updated cheaply when data changes.

In addition to the basic Handlebars features such as helpers, Glimmer also comes with built-in support for a very flexible and powerful primitive called "Components" and a set of low-level hooks which the host environment can use to build other high-level, user-facing features.

This document will give you an overview of Glimmer's core architecture. While this guide is fairly detailed, this is not intended to be an always up-to-date API documentation or getting started guide. When code examples are given in this document, you should generally treat them as simplified pseudo-code that help illustrate the design rather than describing the precise implementation details in the current codebase.

The code examples in this document are written in TypeScript.

Architecture

The key insight of Glimmer is that templates represent a declarative programming language for building and updating DOM. By structuring web UI around templates as the central abstraction, we can use advanced techniques from programming languages and compilers to significantly boost the performance of web applications in practice.

Because of this, Glimmer's architecture has more in common with compiler toolchains like clang/LLVM or javac/JVM than traditional JavaScript libraries.

At a high level, Glimmer is made up of two parts:

  1. The compiler, which turns templates into optimized binary bytecode.
  2. The runtime, which evaluates that bytecode and translates its instructions into things like creating DOM elements or instantiating JavaScript component classes.

Compiler

The compiler is responsible for turning your program's templates into Glimmer binary bytecode.

Because Glimmer is an optimizing compiler, it must know about all of the templates in a program in order to understand how they work together. This is in contrast to transpilers like Babel, which can transform each file in isolation.

As the compiler traverses your application and discovers templates, it parses each one and creates an intermediate representation (IR). The IR is similar to the final bytecode program but contains symbolic references to external objects (other templates, helpers, etc.) that may not have been discovered yet.

Once all of the templates have been parsed into IR, the compiler performs a final pass that resolves symbolic addresses and writes the final opcodes into a shared binary buffer. In native compiler terms, you can think of this as the "linking" step that produces the final executable.

This binary executable is saved to disk as a .gbx file that can be served to a browser and evaluated with the runtime.

But we're not quite done yet. The bytecode program will be evaluated in the browser where it needs to interoperate with JavaScript. For example, users implement their template helpers as JavaScript functions. In our compiled program, how do we know what function to call if the user types {{formatDate user.createdAt}}?

During compilation, Glimmer will assign unique numeric identifiers to each referenced external object (like a helper or component). We call these identifiers handles, and they are how we refer to "live" JavaScript objects like functions in the binary bytecode.

When evaluating Glimmer bytecode in the browser, instead of asking for the "formatDate" helper, the runtime might ask for the object with handle 4.

In order to satisfy this request, the compiler also produces a data structure called the external module table that maps each handle to its associated JavaScript object.

For example, imagine we compile a template that invokes two helpers, formatDate and pluralize. These helpers get assigned handles 0 and 1 respectively. In order to allow the runtime to turn those handles into the correct function object, the compiler might produce a map like this:

// module-table.ts
import formatDate from 'app/helpers/format-date';
import pluralize from 'app/helpers/pluralize';

export default [formatDate, pluralize];

With this data structure, we can easily implement a function that translates handles into the appropriate live object:

import moduleTable from './module-table';

function resolveHandle<T>(handle: number): T {
  return moduleTable[handle];
}

You can think of the external module table as the bridge between Glimmer's bytecode and the JavaScript VM. We can compactly represent references to external objects in the bytecode using handles, and then rehydrate them later with minimal overhead.

Now that we have our compiled bytecode and the module table, we're ready to run our app in the browser, or any other JavaScript environment, like Node.js.

Runtime

TODO

Next: Precompiler Overview »