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<h2>API Blueprint Advanced Tutorial</h2>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd">
<html><body>
<p>Welcome to the advanced API Blueprint tutorial! This tutorial will take you
through advanced topics like JSON Schema, request and response attributes, data
structures and relation types.</p>

<p>This tutorial assumes that you have read the <a href="https://github.com/apiaryio/api-blueprint/blob/master/Tutorial.md">API Blueprint Tutorial</a>.</p>

<h2 id="json-schema">JSON Schema</h2>

<p>Action request and response bodies can have associated schemas that describe
the allowed structure of the body content. JSON bodies are typically described
with <a href="http://json-schema.org/">JSON Schema</a>. Given a simple JSON response body
we can describe the structure of the response with JSON Schema in a <code>+ Schema</code>
section.</p>

<p>The schema can describe the type of each member, which members are required,
default values, and support a number of other advanced features. Below is an
example, taken from the
<a href="https://raw.github.com/apiaryio/api-blueprint/master/examples/Polls%20API.md">Polls API</a>
blueprint:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight apiblueprint"><code><span class="p">###</span><span class="gh"> Create a New Question </span><span class="s">[POST]</span>
You may create your own question using this action. It takes a JSON object
containing a question and a collection of answers in the form of choices.
<span class="p">
+</span> Request (application/json)<span class="sb">

+ Body

{
"question": "Favourite language?"
"choices": [
"Swift",
"Objective-C"
]
}

+ Schema

{
"$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-04/schema#",
"type": "object",
"properties": {
"question": {
"type": "string"
},
"choices": {
"type": "array",
"items": {
"type": "string"
},
"minItems": 2
}
}
}
</span></code></pre></div>
<h2 id="attributes">Attributes</h2>

<p>Another way of describing examples and the structure of your request and
response content is by using <a href="https://github.com/apiaryio/mson#readme">MSON</a>.
MSON, like API Blueprint, allows you to use human-readable plain text to
describe things rather than formats designed for computer parsing like JSON or
YAML. Where API Blueprint allows you to describe your API, MSON allows you to
describe data structures.</p>

<p>MSON can be added to resources, actions, and individual requests or responses
via an <code>+ Attributes</code> section.</p>

<p>Creating a new question in the polls API can be modeled using MSON:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight apiblueprint"><code><span class="p">###</span><span class="gh"> Create a New Question </span><span class="s">[POST]</span>
You may create your own question using this action. It takes a JSON object
containing a question and a collection of answers in the form of choices.
<span class="p">
+</span> Request (application/json)<span class="sb">

+ Attributes

+ question: Favourite Language? (required)
+ choices: Swift, `Objective-C` (array, required)

</span></code></pre></div>
<p>When the above blueprint is parsed it will have a JSON body and JSON Schema
example generated for it from the MSON attributes. Note, however, that the
generated JSON Schema may differ from a hand-written one. In this example, the
<code>minItems</code> will not be set. If you have such constraints you can override the
generated schema by providing your own, in which case only the JSON body will
be generated.</p>

<h2 id="data-structures">Data Structures</h2>

<p>Once you start using MSON, you may find yourself wanting to reuse certain
commonly used or nested data structure components. This is possible with the
<code>## Data Structures</code> section. Attributes sections can then reference the data
structures defined in the Data Structures or other resource sections by name.</p>

<p>For example, using the polls API question collection resource, we can split out
the <code>Question</code> and <code>Choice</code> objects:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight apiblueprint"><code><span class="p">###</span><span class="gh"> List All Questions </span><span class="s">[GET]</span>
<span class="p">+ </span><span class="k">Response</span><span class="m"> 200</span><span class="s"> (application/json)</span><span class="sb">

+ Attributes (array[Question])

</span><span class="gu">## Data Structures</span>

<span class="gu">### Question</span>
<span class="p">+</span> question: Favourite programming language? (required)
<span class="p">+</span> published_at: <span class="nv">`2014-11-11T08:40</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="s">51.620Z` (required)</span>
<span class="p">+</span> url: /questions/1 (required)
<span class="p">+</span> choices (array[Choice], required)

<span class="gu">### Choice</span>
<span class="p">+</span> choice: Javascript (required)
<span class="p">+</span> url: /questions/1/choices/1 (required)
<span class="p">+</span> votes: 2048 (number, required)

</code></pre></div>
<h2 id="relation-types">Relation Types</h2>

<p>Actions in a blueprint can define a semantic domain-specific meaning by
defining a relation type using a <code>+ Relation</code> section. This means that an
action can have a specific meaning regardless of its URI or name, and allows
clients to be built based on the domain of the API rather than specific URIs.</p>

<p>For example, in the polls API:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight apiblueprint"><code><span class="p">##</span><span class="gh"> Question </span><span class="s">[/question/{id}]</span>
<span class="p">###</span><span class="gh"> View a Question Detail </span><span class="s">[GET]</span>
<span class="p">+</span><span class="k"> Relation:</span><span class="s"> self</span>

<span class="p">###</span><span class="gh"> Delete a Question </span><span class="s">[DELETE]</span>
<span class="p">+</span><span class="k"> Relation:</span><span class="s"> delete</span>

<span class="p">##</span><span class="gh"> Questions Collection </span><span class="s">[/questions]</span>
<span class="p">###</span><span class="gh"> List All Questions </span><span class="s">[GET]</span>
<span class="p">+</span><span class="k"> Relation:</span><span class="s"> self</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p>A server or client implementation can now use this information to handle the
specific API resource and action URIs. Please see the
<a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5988">Web Linking RFC 5988</a> and the
<a href="http://www.iana.org/assignments/link-relations/link-relations.xhtml">IANA Link Relation Types</a> for
more information.</p>

<h2 id="conclusion">Conclusion</h2>

<p>This tutorial has covered some advanced API Blueprint topics.
For more in-depth information and other advanced topics,
please see the <a href="https://github.com/apiaryio/api-blueprint/blob/master/API%20Blueprint%20Specification.md">API Blueprint Specification</a>.</p>
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