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4 changes: 2 additions & 2 deletions 2.4-restricting.Rmd
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Overall, the frequency and concentration of racial covenants from the 1930s-40s varies across Connecticut. So far we have searched property deeds in a small number of towns, but have found over a thousand of White-only property deeds, as shown in Figure \@ref(fig:datawrapper-covenants-by-town). In some suburban towns, given the large number of homes built during this period, the percentage with racial covenants can be relatively small. In Manchester, only 248 out of approximately 7,100 (3.5 percent) residential building lots approved by town officials between 1910-1950 included racial covenants. In West Hartford, only 190 homes out of approximately 3020 (6 percent) buildings constructed during the 1940s had racial covenants. Overall, despite the shocking existence of White-only covenants, many Connecticut suburbs relied more on other types of government-sponsored discrimination -- such as federal lending policies, public housing barriers, and exclusionary zoning ordinances -- to restrict non-White and low-income residents.^[TODO: Request total number of homes built each year in 1940s from Hamden property assessor database to calculate percentage with racial covenants. See table calculations in @ilyankouMapRaceRestrictive2017. Manchester data from @wareBlackWhiteGreenway2020, p. 15]

(ref:datawrapper-covenants-by-town) [View the table](https://www.datawrapper.de/_/b1O7K/) and [calculations](https://github.com/OnTheLine/otl-covenants), by Jack Dougherty, June Gold, and David Ware.
(ref:datawrapper-covenants-by-town) [View the table](https://www.datawrapper.de/_/dCnch/) and [calculations](https://github.com/OnTheLine/otl-covenants), by Jack Dougherty, June Gold, and David Ware.

```{r datawrapper-covenants-by-town, fig.cap="(ref:datawrapper-covenants-by-town)"}
if(knitr::is_html_output(excludes="markdown")) knitr::include_url("https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/b1O7K/", height="400px") else knitr::include_graphics("images/datawrapper-covenants-by-town.png")
if(knitr::is_html_output(excludes="markdown")) knitr::include_url("https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/dCnch/", height="400px") else knitr::include_graphics("images/datawrapper-covenants-by-town.png")
```

Compared to Connecticut, restrictive covenants were *more* common in other US cities, with some estimates of properties with racial restrictions ranging as high as 80 percent. Public history project teams have uncovered evidence and sparked action, according to the [National Covenants Research Coalition](https://www.nationalcovenantsresearchcoalition.com), including those shown in Figure \@ref(fig:2024-restrictive-cities). One of the earliest to launch online was the [Segregated Seattle project](https://depts.washington.edu/civilr/segregated.htm) in 2005, where researchers have found White-only and anti-Jewish clauses in over 30,000 property deeds in King County to date, plus 20,000 more in other counties in Washington state. Their work pushed state legislators to approve a 2006 law to encourage homeowners to strike out racist covenants in the public record, and a 2023 law to provide compensation for victims. In the Minneapolis-St. Paul region, the [Mapping Prejudice project](https://mappingprejudice.umn.edu) began to document restrictive covenants in 2016 and has found over 30,000 restrictive property deeds to date. Researchers showed that current prices of Minnesota homes with racial covenants are 4 to 15 percent higher than identical homes without covenants. The [Chicago Covenants project](https://www.chicagocovenants.com/) has already found over 100,000 properties with restrictive covenants, after searching about 20 percent of the city's land records, and expects to find more as estimates of White-only property restrictions in that city range from 50 to 80 percent. In St. Louis, Missouri, the [Dividing The City project](https://dsps.lib.uiowa.edu/thedividedcity/) found racial restrictions in about 80 percent of homes built in St. Louis county by 1950.^[See more projects by members of the @NationalCovenantsResearch2022. The earliest digital history project on racial property deeds probably was @plotkinRacialReligiousRestrictive2015, which states that content was posted online prior to 1999. On Seattle and Washington State, see @gregorySegregatedSeattle2006 and @civilrightsandlaborhistoryconsortiumuniversityofwashingtonRacialRestrictiveCovenants2023. On Minnesota, see @universityofminnesotalibrariesMappingPrejudice2020 and @soodLongShadowRacial2019. On the Chicago 80 percent estimate, see @winlingChicagoCovenants2021 and analysis by @weaverNegroGhetto1967, p. 213 and chapter 13. On the St. Louis 80 percent estimate, see @gordonDividingCityRaceRestrictive2022 and @ruff80StLouis2022.]
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<h1 class="title">On The Line: How Schooling, Housing, and Civil Rights Shaped Hartford and its Suburbs</h1>
<p class="author"><em>Jack Dougherty</em></p>
<p class="author"><em>and contributors</em></p>
<p class="date"><em>2024-02-17</em></p>
<p class="date"><em>2024-02-29</em></p>
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<div id="preface" class="section level1 unnumbered hasAnchor">
<h1>Preface<a href="index.html#preface" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h1>
<!-- R global options: each R chunk image to display without code (no echo); display PDF version over JPG/PNG when available -->
<p><img src="images/coverOTL300x300.png" /></p>
<p><strong>Book-in-progress last updated on 17 Feb 2024</strong></p>
<p><strong>Book-in-progress last updated on 29 Feb 2024</strong></p>
<p><em>On The Line</em>, an open-access digital book, makes visible the hidden history of schooling and housing boundaries that divided metropolitan Hartford, Connecticut, and tells the stories of everyday families and civil rights activists who seek to cross over, redraw, or erase these lines.</p>
<p>Feedback and corrections on this book-in-progress are welcome <a href="author.html">by email to the lead author</a>, or GitHub users can submit a pull request to <a href="https://github.com/ontheline/otl-bookdown">our repository</a>.</p>
<p>This text of this book is copyrighted by the authors and freely distributed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License</a>. You may re-use and modify our text for non-commercial purposes, with a source credit to: <a href="http://OnTheLine.trincoll.edu">OnTheLine.trincoll.edu</a> by Jack Dougherty and contributors. Similarly, our interactive charts and maps in this book are copyrighted by Jack Dougherty and contributors, and freely shared under an <a href="https://choosealicense.com/licenses/mit/">MIT license</a>, with the open source code available at our <a href="https://github.com/ontheline">GitHub repository</a>. You may re-use and modify our charts, maps, and code, with an acknowledgement to: <a href="http://OnTheLine.trincoll.edu">OnTheLine.trincoll.edu</a> by Jack Dougherty and contributors. Learn how to work with GitHub and create your own charts and maps in <a href="http://HandsOnDataViz.org">Hands-On Data Visualization</a> by Jack Dougherty and Ilya Ilyankou.</p>
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