updated 2.4 restricting

2.4-restricting.Rmd

@@ -120,6 +120,18 @@ In the New Haven suburb of Hamden, as current homeowners and community activists
 
 Decades later in 2023, when attorney June Gold attended Hamden's Spring Glen Church, she learned about racial covenants from a speaker with [Congregations Organized for a New Connecticut](https://weconect.org) (CONECT). Gold also read about Ware's work in Manchester and used her research skills to uncover several racial covenants in Hamden's town records---to the surprise of the Town Clerk's staff---and taught them about their legal obligation to publicize 2021 state law. Currently, Gold works with community groups to build awareness and offers her free legal services to help current homeowners void these racial restrictions. One of the many Hamden homeowners Gold assisted was Melinda Tulus, who wrote about wanting to "change history" and not "keep it hidden" in her 1994 article, and now had a way to make it happen.^[@mirminaWhenHamdenWoman2023]
 
+Under Connecticut Public Act 2021-173, each Town Clerk must post these forms, both on their website and inside the land records office, to allow property owners to void unlawful covenants, **free of charge**. Property owners may fill out and submit **either** form below:
+
+- [CT Identification and Renunciation of Unlawful Covenant](images/2021-covenant-identification.pdf)
+- OR
+- [CT Affidavit to Identify Racial Covenant, signed by notary](images/2021-covenant-affidavit.pdf)
+
 Help us continue the work to locate and void Connecticut's restrictive covenants. Learn more about [How We Found Restrictive Covenants](covenants.html) in this book. If you know of similar property records with racial or religious restrictions anywhere in Connecticut, [contact the authors](authors.html).
 
+(ref:2024-covenants-action) Anyone can [download this call to action flyer](images/2024-covenants-action) or [modify the template with a free Canva account](https://www.canva.com/design/DAF5r55hEo0/6wlRESbbDdaAc5bpUJfRag/view?utm_content=DAF5r55hEo0&utm_campaign=designshare&utm_medium=link&utm_source=publishsharelink&mode=preview), as long as you credit OnTheLine.trincoll.edu.
+
+```{r 2024-covenants-action, fig.cap="(ref:2024-covenants-action)"}
+ knitr::include_graphics("images/2024-covenants-action.png")
+```
+
 *[About the authors and contributors:](authors.html) Tracey Wilson (Trinity 1976) wrote the first draft of the West Hartford portion for a monthly newspaper and also published it in her book, Life in West Hartford. Vianna Iorio (Trinity 2019) and Jack Dougherty expanded the chapter for publication in this book. Ilya Ilyankou (Trinity 2018) and Jack Dougherty developed the interactive map, based on an earlier version created with UConn MAGIC. Katie Campbell Levasseur (Trinity 2011) researched restrictive property covenants, and both she and Candace Simpson (Trinity 2012) conducted oral history interviews. David Ware and June Gold contributed restrictive covenants they located in Manchester, Newington, and Hamden.^[@wilsonTakingStockHigh2010; @wilsonHighLedgeHomes2018;  @universityofconnecticutlibrariesmapandgeographicinformationcenterRaceRestrictiveCovenants2012; @ilyankouMapRaceRestrictive2017]*

docs/public-housing.html

@@ -199,12 +199,12 @@ <h2>Racial Barriers to Public Housing<a href="public-housing.html#public-housing
 <p><em>by <a href="authors.html">Emily Meehan and Jack Dougherty</a></em></p>
 <!-- TODO - update and expand this introduction; add notes to Zotero -->
 <p>As we saw in the previous section, housing discrimination did not occur solely due to private individuals, but often as a result of deliberate actions by public policymakers. Yet in some cases, different levels of government came into direct conflict over this issue. During World War II, the Roosevelt administration clashed with West Hartford political leaders over the right of African-American workers to reside in federal wartime housing. To manufacture weapons to defeat Germany and Japan, the United States Housing Authority (USHA) created shelter for thousands of wartime workers who migrated to work in factories in the city and suburbs of metropolitan Hartford. In comparison to the Federal Housing Administration, the USHA took a racially progressive stance in favor of housing blacks workers wherever need and space existed, even if that meant government-funded housing in virtually all-white neighborhoods. But in West Hartford, racism trumped patriotism. Suburban political leaders mobilized against federal authority to block African-American workers from moving into their community. Even when Washington DC pushed back, local leaders prevailed by finding a legal loophole to block non-whites from moving in.</p>
-<p>In 1943, a dispute arose in West Hartford over the Oakwood Acres public housing development, shown in Figure <a href="public-housing.html#fig:1954-02-17-ht-oakwood-acres">2.20</a>.<a href="#fn66" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref66"><sup>66</sup></a> Federal housing officials and West Hartford leaders clashed on whether or not African Americans should be allowed to live in this World War II public housing development, located in a virtually all-white town. During this period, public housing tracts were created to shelter the many war workers and their families drawn to the Hartford area by the availability of defense-related jobs. The United States government funded these developments; therefore, local housing officials needed to abide by federal laws regarding occupancy. Federal Housing authorities eventually did require West Hartford to admit African Americans; however, town residents and leaders prevailed by specifying residency criteria in such a way as to maintain the racial homogeneity of their community. Racist actions such as these, even when they occurred decades ago, have been factors in shaping the present-day demographics of West Hartford and other towns in the state.</p>
+<p>In 1943, a dispute arose in West Hartford over the Oakwood Acres public housing development, shown in Figure <a href="public-housing.html#fig:1954-02-17-ht-oakwood-acres">2.21</a>.<a href="#fn66" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref66"><sup>66</sup></a> Federal housing officials and West Hartford leaders clashed on whether or not African Americans should be allowed to live in this World War II public housing development, located in a virtually all-white town. During this period, public housing tracts were created to shelter the many war workers and their families drawn to the Hartford area by the availability of defense-related jobs. The United States government funded these developments; therefore, local housing officials needed to abide by federal laws regarding occupancy. Federal Housing authorities eventually did require West Hartford to admit African Americans; however, town residents and leaders prevailed by specifying residency criteria in such a way as to maintain the racial homogeneity of their community. Racist actions such as these, even when they occurred decades ago, have been factors in shaping the present-day demographics of West Hartford and other towns in the state.</p>
 
 <div class="figure"><span style="display:block;" id="fig:1954-02-17-ht-oakwood-acres"></span>
 <img src="images/1954-02-17-ht-oakwood-acres.jpg" alt="Photo of Oakwood Acres public housing in West Hartford, from the Hartford Times, February 17, 1954, digitized by the Hartford History Center, Hartford Public Library."  />
 <p class="caption">
-Figure 2.20: Photo of Oakwood Acres public housing in West Hartford, from the <em>Hartford Times</em>, February 17, 1954, digitized by the Hartford History Center, Hartford Public Library.
+Figure 2.21: Photo of Oakwood Acres public housing in West Hartford, from the <em>Hartford Times</em>, February 17, 1954, digitized by the Hartford History Center, Hartford Public Library.
 </p>
 </div>
 <p>The advent of World War II brought significant changes to a country that had been in the grip of a deep financial depression. Across the nation, as people moved into cities looking for jobs in wartime defense industries, demand for housing soared. Often, that demand far exceeded the availability of properties to purchase or even rent. In 1940, President Franklin D. Roosevelt and the United States Congress established the United States Housing Authority (USHA) and authorized it to build public housing units with the goal of providing adequate living quarters for war workers.<a href="#fn67" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref67"><sup>67</sup></a></p>
@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ <h2>Racial Barriers to Public Housing<a href="public-housing.html#public-housing
 <div class="figure"><span style="display:block;" id="fig:1943-12-16-metro-news-oakwood"></span>
 <img src="images/1943-12-16-metro-news-oakwood.jpg" alt="Headline from 1943 Metropolitan News stated that “Negroes may not move into Oakwood” wartime public housing in West Hartford. Digitized by West Hartford Public Library."  />
 <p class="caption">
-Figure 2.21: Headline from 1943 <em>Metropolitan News</em> stated that “Negroes may not move into Oakwood” wartime public housing in West Hartford. Digitized by West Hartford Public Library.
+Figure 2.22: Headline from 1943 <em>Metropolitan News</em> stated that “Negroes may not move into Oakwood” wartime public housing in West Hartford. Digitized by West Hartford Public Library.
 </p>
 </div>
 <p>One unit developed under the HHA was the Oakwood Acres Housing Tract. Located on Oakwood Avenue in West Hartford, it spanned the area between St. Charles Street and Seymour Avenue. Contemporary descriptions present the Oakwood Acres’ living spaces as new, simplistic, and affordable. In 1943, only 14 out of the 300 apartments in the building were occupied at a time when many African Americans either had no place to live or could only find substandard accommodations. The federal government planned to use the complex to provide housing for these workers and their families.<span class="citation"><a href="#fn70" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref70"><sup>70</sup></a></span></p>
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ <h2>Racial Barriers to Public Housing<a href="public-housing.html#public-housing
 <div class="figure"><span style="display:block;" id="fig:1951-2013-aerial-oakwood"></span>
 <img src="images/1951-2013-aerial-oakwood.jpg" alt="Aerial images of Oakwood Acres Housing Tract, in 1951 and today, on the West Hartford border with Hartford, from MAGIC UConn Libraries."  />
 <p class="caption">
-Figure 2.22: Aerial images of Oakwood Acres Housing Tract, in 1951 and today, on the West Hartford border with Hartford, from MAGIC UConn Libraries.
+Figure 2.23: Aerial images of Oakwood Acres Housing Tract, in 1951 and today, on the West Hartford border with Hartford, from MAGIC UConn Libraries.
 </p>
 </div>
 <p>Because the government funded Oakwood Acres, the unit needed to abide by federal law, which stated that officials could not legally reject African Americans applying for housing. West Hartford homeowners, living near Oakwood Acres, were quoted in a September 1943 issue of the Metropolitan News as being “alarmed” and “horrified” at the idea of “Negroes” living in their neighborhood. One woman said she and her family would move out the day after any African Americans moved in. The paper itself described the situation in harsh, racist language, calling it an “infiltration,” and reported the prevailing sentiment among community homeowners as being: “We don’t want them here.” The consensus among West Hartford realtors and homeowners, the newspaper reported, was that real estate values would show “an immediate and sharp” drop if “Negroes in any considerable number moved into town.”<span class="citation"><a href="#fn71" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref71"><sup>71</sup></a></span></p>

docs/reference-keys.txt

@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ fig:2024-restrictive-cities
 fig:2011-walsh-debra
 fig:2011-hansen-susan
 fig:2021-ware-void
+fig:2024-covenants-action
 fig:1954-02-17-ht-oakwood-acres
 fig:1943-12-16-metro-news-oakwood
 fig:1951-2013-aerial-oakwood

docs/restricting.html

@@ -337,7 +337,20 @@ <h3>Confronting the Legacy of Covenants<a href="restricting.html#confronting-the
 </div>
 <p>In the New Haven suburb of Hamden, as current homeowners and community activists became aware of racial covenants in their property deeds, they spoke up and eventually connected with each other to publicly void them. Melinda Tuhus wrote a 1994 <em>Hartford Courant</em> opinion essay on discovering a racist covenant when purchasing her home in Hamden. At that time, Tuhus’s attorney discouraged her from attempting to strike out the restriction during the closing of her home purchase, arguing that making changes might “muddy the waters” and interfere with the sale. “You can’t change history,” her lawyer told her, yet Tuhus questioned the decision “to keep it hidden in musty tomes in the town clerk’s office.”<a href="#fn63" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref63"><sup>63</sup></a></p>
 <p>Decades later in 2023, when attorney June Gold attended Hamden’s Spring Glen Church, she learned about racial covenants from a speaker with <a href="https://weconect.org">Congregations Organized for a New Connecticut</a> (CONECT). Gold also read about Ware’s work in Manchester and used her research skills to uncover several racial covenants in Hamden’s town records—to the surprise of the Town Clerk’s staff—and taught them about their legal obligation to publicize 2021 state law. Currently, Gold works with community groups to build awareness and offers her free legal services to help current homeowners void these racial restrictions. One of the many Hamden homeowners Gold assisted was Melinda Tulus, who wrote about wanting to “change history” and not “keep it hidden” in her 1994 article, and now had a way to make it happen.<a href="#fn64" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref64"><sup>64</sup></a></p>
+<p>Under Connecticut Public Act 2021-173, each Town Clerk must post these forms, both on their website and inside the land records office, to allow property owners to void unlawful covenants, <strong>free of charge</strong>. Property owners may fill out and submit <strong>either</strong> form below:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="images/2021-covenant-identification.pdf">CT Identification and Renunciation of Unlawful Covenant</a></li>
+<li>OR</li>
+<li><a href="images/2021-covenant-affidavit.pdf">CT Affidavit to Identify Racial Covenant, signed by notary</a></li>
+</ul>
 <p>Help us continue the work to locate and void Connecticut’s restrictive covenants. Learn more about <a href="covenants.html">How We Found Restrictive Covenants</a> in this book. If you know of similar property records with racial or religious restrictions anywhere in Connecticut, <a href="authors.html">contact the authors</a>.</p>
+
+<div class="figure"><span style="display:block;" id="fig:2024-covenants-action"></span>
+<img src="images/2024-covenants-action.png" alt="Anyone can download this call to action flyer or modify the template with a free Canva account, as long as you credit OnTheLine.trincoll.edu."  />
+<p class="caption">
+Figure 2.20: Anyone can <a href="images/2024-covenants-action">download this call to action flyer</a> or <a href="https://www.canva.com/design/DAF5r55hEo0/6wlRESbbDdaAc5bpUJfRag/view?utm_content=DAF5r55hEo0&amp;utm_campaign=designshare&amp;utm_medium=link&amp;utm_source=publishsharelink&amp;mode=preview">modify the template with a free Canva account</a>, as long as you credit OnTheLine.trincoll.edu.
+</p>
+</div>
 <p><em><a href="authors.html">About the authors and contributors:</a> Tracey Wilson (Trinity 1976) wrote the first draft of the West Hartford portion for a monthly newspaper and also published it in her book, Life in West Hartford. Vianna Iorio (Trinity 2019) and Jack Dougherty expanded the chapter for publication in this book. Ilya Ilyankou (Trinity 2018) and Jack Dougherty developed the interactive map, based on an earlier version created with UConn MAGIC. Katie Campbell Levasseur (Trinity 2011) researched restrictive property covenants, and both she and Candace Simpson (Trinity 2012) conducted oral history interviews. David Ware and June Gold contributed restrictive covenants they located in Manchester, Newington, and Hamden.<a href="#fn65" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref65"><sup>65</sup></a></em></p>
 
 </div>