From cfe41bb4ef30ce7d4e6dee418270057706db937c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Alden Quimby Date: Wed, 2 Oct 2024 10:53:19 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 1/6] fix(metascraper-logo-favicon): allow URL input and apply priority. closes #724 --- packages/metascraper-logo-favicon/src/index.js | 6 +++--- packages/metascraper-logo-favicon/test/index.js | 11 +++++++++++ 2 files changed, 14 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/packages/metascraper-logo-favicon/src/index.js b/packages/metascraper-logo-favicon/src/index.js index eaf632e47..b5bdb9389 100644 --- a/packages/metascraper-logo-favicon/src/index.js +++ b/packages/metascraper-logo-favicon/src/index.js @@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ const getDomNodeSizes = (domNodes, attr, url) => { ...domNode.attribs, url: normalizedUrl, - size: getSize(url, domNode.attribs.sizes) + size: getSize(normalizedUrl, domNode.attribs.sizes) } ] }, []) @@ -163,8 +163,8 @@ const createFavicon = ( const faviconUrl = logo(`/favicon.${ext}`, { url }) return faviconUrl ? resolveFaviconUrl(faviconUrl, contentTypes, gotOpts).then( - response => response?.url - ) + response => response?.url + ) : undefined } } diff --git a/packages/metascraper-logo-favicon/test/index.js b/packages/metascraper-logo-favicon/test/index.js index de5e8eb3b..5b82d1726 100644 --- a/packages/metascraper-logo-favicon/test/index.js +++ b/packages/metascraper-logo-favicon/test/index.js @@ -85,6 +85,17 @@ test('get the biggest icon possible', async t => { t.is(metadata.logo, 'https://cdn.microlink.io/logo/favicon-196x196.png') }) +test('prefers small png over large ico', async t => { + const url = 'https://github.com' + const metascraper = createMetascraper() + const html = createHtml([ + '', + '' + ]) + const metadata = await metascraper({ url, html }) + t.is(metadata.logo, 'https://github.com/fluidicon.png') +}) + test('detect `rel="fluid-icon"`', async t => { const url = 'https://github.com' const metascraper = createMetascraper() From 97a739fb224a567388c9c38ee909046661dfc905 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Kiko Beats Date: Sat, 5 Oct 2024 11:06:47 +0200 Subject: [PATCH 2/6] test: rename case --- packages/metascraper-logo-favicon/test/index.js | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/packages/metascraper-logo-favicon/test/index.js b/packages/metascraper-logo-favicon/test/index.js index 5b82d1726..82bd89141 100644 --- a/packages/metascraper-logo-favicon/test/index.js +++ b/packages/metascraper-logo-favicon/test/index.js @@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ test('get the biggest icon possible', async t => { t.is(metadata.logo, 'https://cdn.microlink.io/logo/favicon-196x196.png') }) -test('prefers small png over large ico', async t => { +test('get the biggest respecting the format', async t => { const url = 'https://github.com' const metascraper = createMetascraper() const html = createHtml([ From 05c4d305fb3468c493e4e8f48262f20e399b9e9b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Kiko Beats Date: Sat, 5 Oct 2024 11:07:06 +0200 Subject: [PATCH 3/6] fix: linter --- packages/metascraper-logo-favicon/src/index.js | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/packages/metascraper-logo-favicon/src/index.js b/packages/metascraper-logo-favicon/src/index.js index b5bdb9389..9c38051fe 100644 --- a/packages/metascraper-logo-favicon/src/index.js +++ b/packages/metascraper-logo-favicon/src/index.js @@ -163,8 +163,8 @@ const createFavicon = ( const faviconUrl = logo(`/favicon.${ext}`, { url }) return faviconUrl ? resolveFaviconUrl(faviconUrl, contentTypes, gotOpts).then( - response => response?.url - ) + response => response?.url + ) : undefined } } From e7f65ddf253c2a64d57dad3203e252e39a9499df Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Kiko Beats Date: Sat, 5 Oct 2024 11:13:27 +0200 Subject: [PATCH 4/6] test: update snapshot --- .../test/integration/arstechnica/input.html | 3019 ++++++++++++++--- .../arstechnica/snapshots/index.js.md | 8 +- .../arstechnica/snapshots/index.js.snap | Bin 640 -> 616 bytes 3 files changed, 2495 insertions(+), 532 deletions(-) diff --git a/packages/metascraper/test/integration/arstechnica/input.html b/packages/metascraper/test/integration/arstechnica/input.html index 95c8094e0..09183fda1 100644 --- a/packages/metascraper/test/integration/arstechnica/input.html +++ b/packages/metascraper/test/integration/arstechnica/input.html @@ -1,545 +1,2508 @@ - - - -More than a decade later, how do original YouTube stars feel about the site? | Ars Technica + + + + + More than a decade later, how do original YouTube stars feel about the site? - Ars Technica + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + window._taboola = window._taboola || []; + _taboola.push({ + article: 'auto' + }); + ! function(e, f, u, i) { + if (!document.getElementById(i)) { + e.async = 1; + e.src = u; + e.id = i; + f.parentNode.insertBefore(e, f); + } + }(document.createElement('script'), + document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0], + '//cdn.taboola.com/libtrc/condenast1-network/loader.js', + 'tb_loader_script'); + if (window.performance && typeof window.performance.mark == 'function') { + window.performance.mark('tbl_ic'); + } + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - - - -
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- Features — -

-

More than a decade later, how do original YouTube stars feel about the site?

-

For original YouTubers, their online haven became a media behemoth—but they keep vlogging.

-
- - -

- Chris Stokel-Walker - - -

- - - -
- -
-
- - - - - - - -

It can be hard to remember what life was like before YouTube. If you wanted to listen to a pop song, you couldn’t just queue it up online. You’d have to find it on the radio, download an MP3 file from iTunes (or a number of file sharing websites), or wait for MTV to play the video in its never-ending rotation. Celebrities were the only reality TV stars, and the most popular show was American Idol (won in 2006 by Taylor Hicks).

-

In short, old media still dominated, but culture was at an odd liminal stage. Almost everything that mattered still happened on TV, but much of the talking started happening on the Internet. This is essentially the landscape YouTube entered.

-

The site started relatively slowly in April 2005, with a video of YouTube co-founder Jawed Karim narrating a visit to San Diego Zoo’s elephant enclosure. In August the same year, the site boasted an impressive 58,000 visitors. By the end of the year, it had a traffic rocket strapped to its back: 20 million unique visitors logged on to YouTube each month by mid-2006. These days, more than 1.3 billion people use the site around the world, and five billion videos are watched daily.

-

Contest-wise, we’ve come a long way from zoo visits today. Modern YouTube stars can bring in millions of dollars through sponsorship and companies they own and run (often built on the foundation of their videos). Polish and premise on-site can match most of what you’d find on TV or streaming services. Accordingly, someone like Jacob Sartorius is better-known to a generation of young men and women than many mainstream celebrities.

-

But even in YouTube’s early going, there were people creating videos and growing some kind of community—it’s just their experiences differed quite a bit from the meteoric video star risings of today, plenty of which end in lucrative business partnerships or studio-based opportunities. What happened to those original viral video pioneers who laid the path to success for today’s YouTubers—the innovators who found the first flourish of fame before YouTube became a media juggernaut? Where are they now, and, perhaps more interesting, how do they feel about what their beloved platform has become?

-

A pair of personalities

-

Michael Buckley is slowly chugging through traffic at the end of a holiday weekend at his parents’ summer house on Cape Cod. “It’s a good time to talk,” he drawls, his languorous voice playfully rising and falling over his in-car cellphone’s speaker. “I have nothing else distracting me, so you have my full attention.”

-

For those who weren’t around at the inception of YouTube, Buckley was kind of the Jimmy Fallon of his day: a public access TV talk show host who transferred online and attained a smidgen of fame by starting up a YouTube channel in the summer of 2006. His schtick was simple but effective: Buckley starred as the snarky host of his own program, What The Buck?. In short, snappy videos rarely more than three minutes long, he’d run through (and run down) the celebrity news of the day with a biting and acerbic wit. “My online persona 10 years ago was bitchy, rambling pop-culture-expert talking head,” Buckley says today. And viewers loved it. At one point, he had four of the top 10 most-viewed videos on YouTube.

-
A vintage What The Buck? from 2007 skewers Dakota Fanning and Harry Potter (topics on other episodes in the era range from Britney Spears to Donald Trump).
-

Looking back at the first of 10 seasons of What The Buck? shows just how different YouTube was back in 2006. Buckley’s initial videos were simply a low-bitrate, slightly more risqué version of what you’d see on late night public access TV. Standing in front of a poorly keyed green screen, Buckley delivered a scripted monologue in a single take with no cuts. Pictures appeared over his shoulder as if he were a news anchor. Though it may share the same bones, it feels a world away from the fast-paced, well-lit jump cut monologues of modern-day YouTubers like Grace Helbig, the Vlog Brothers, or Zoella.

-

Other early YouTubers, however, bridged the gap between these two seemingly disparate worlds. If Michael Buckley represented the old, nasty side of celebrity culture, another early site personality represented the cuddly, bubbly side. As bitchy and negative as Buckley’s persona was, Olga Kay came across as the exact opposite.

-

At the time an accomplished juggler with the Ringling Brothers’ Circus, Kay (whose real name is Olga Karavajeva) was trying to break into the broader world of show business. Throughout much of 2006, she auditioned for TV shows, movies, and commercials, but she wasn’t breaking through.

-

Some of Kay’s friends recommended she open an account on a new website called YouTube. Not only might it help her gain attention and an audience that could propel her into mainstream television, but it’d also help them out. As aspiring YouTubers uploading juggling videos themselves, they were keen to enlist their family and friends to rate their videos and put them up the rankings. “At first I thought they said U2.com and that it was associated with the band,” she recalls. “It took me a while to find out exactly what the site was.”

-

When Kay did find the website, she created an account and looked beyond her friends’ juggling videos. What she found surprised her. “I remember coming across the original creators like LonelyGirl15 and LisaNova and being so mesmerized by these people looking at me through the screen and telling their stories,” Kay says. “It was the first time I’d experienced that break in the fourth wall, with someone talking to me through the screen.”

-

Quickly, Kay wanted to be part of it. “I remember thinking, I can do it better—if only I knew how.”

-

Kay didn’t have a camera or special editing software; she made her first forays onto YouTube by recording videos with her computer’s built-in webcam and iMovie. She taught herself the basics of video editing, observing the tips and tricks that other, more established YouTubers used to give the veneer of professionalism. And for two years between 2006 to 2008, Kay estimates she spent around 12 hours a day working out how to make videos. She’d watch other creators on YouTube, then futz around on her own content. She’d upload it, then comment on her favorite channels, inviting others to watch her videos, too, working hard to bring attention to them.
-

An early Olga Kay video explaining her setting, the Magic Castle.

-

All work, no pay

-

Both Buckley and Kay swiftly arrived at the paradox of early YouTube. To become popular on the site required plenty of work—but the payoff was in no way immediate or obvious. “I had 100 videos before anybody knew who I was, and I was working 50 hours a week on this,” Buckley explains. “I had a 40-hour-a-week job, and I was still spending every waking hour writing, editing, and promoting, really working on building my YouTube persona. It was a lot of work, but it was fun. I didn’t know where it was going to lead, but I just saw a great potential.”

-

Kay’s 12-hour days weren’t earning her explosive growth, either, but through all the research she soon realized some YouTubers had advertising playing before their videos. While Kay couldn’t find any information on how to get that, monetizing her videos would soon become important. Around this time, the YouTube community had begun to branch out slowly into the real world: occasionally there’d be real-life meetups at events like VidCon (which today is a media mammoth). At these get togethers, a handful of creators would meet up in Central Park in New York City or Hollywood Boulevard in Los Angeles to swap tips, chat, and record videos of the day that they would later upload. When Kay went to one particular event, she was doing well on YouTube, boasting a devoted following of around 1,000 subscribers. But she was caught on some of the videos of more popular creators that day. Her 1,000 subscribers soon became 3,000. Rapidly, it became more.

-
A magical gathering of YouTube creators helped truly get Olga Kay off and running.
-

Kay describes the first check she received from YouTube as a momentous occasion—though the money at this stage, for someone early in a “video” career, was a pittance. Opening the envelope that arrived in the morning mail, she found an invoice for 54 cents. It didn’t matter that she wouldn’t actually get the money into her bank account until she made $100, Kay was excited. “I felt like I had a hobby that was not only fun, but it also made me money,” she says. “It became an interesting race: how can I get more people to watch?”

-

As Kay and Buckley worked hard to bring new viewers to their videos, sometimes struggling and running up against brick walls, the whole ecosystem of online video slowly changed. Internet speeds got faster; celebrity as a mantle became more easily attainable. As YouTube became more popular and the concept of viral videos became more commonplace, mainstream-type money started flowing onto the platform.

-

That cash trickled down to the creators. “You start making money, and you think you’ve tricked the world,” says Buckley. “How did this happen? I was doing this for fun, and for free, and now I have thousands of dollars in my Adsense account. This is crazy. It’s nutty.”

-

In the years since Buckley and Kay made their first paycheck on YouTube, the site has become a much bigger goldmine for creators. Since 2007, YouTube has paid out more than $1.25 billion to rights holders for the ability to screen their content. And many creators—like Lisa “LisaNova” Donovan, one of the most successful YouTubers of this first generation—have swapped a life in front of the camera for one behind the scenes in the larger industry. (After her video starring days, Donovan co-founded Maker Studios, a YouTube multichannel network that was bought out by the Walt Disney Company for half a billion dollars.)

-

Nowadays many young YouTubers can become flush with cash much more quickly and set up their own companies just to deal with the income from ad sales, marketing tie-ins, and personal appearances at live events. For example, Felix “PewDiePie” Kjellberg, one of the world’s best-known YouTubers, made $8 million in profit in 2015, according to company accounts filed in his native Sweden.

-

“Some of these YouTube stars have quite an apparatus around them,” explains Alice E. Marwick, a researcher in online identity and celebrity at Fordham University. “There are these influencer marketing companies trying to broker these kids' fame and sponsorship deals.”

- -

Listing image by Michael Buckley via YouTube

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+ + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/packages/metascraper/test/integration/arstechnica/snapshots/index.js.md b/packages/metascraper/test/integration/arstechnica/snapshots/index.js.md index 10c05d13d..7ec59963a 100644 --- a/packages/metascraper/test/integration/arstechnica/snapshots/index.js.md +++ b/packages/metascraper/test/integration/arstechnica/snapshots/index.js.md @@ -10,12 +10,12 @@ Generated by [AVA](https://avajs.dev). { audio: null, - author: 'Chris Stokel-Walker', - date: '2017-06-11T14:00:33.000Z', + author: 'Ars Staff', + date: '2017-06-11T14:11:02.000Z', description: 'For original YouTubers, their online haven became a media behemoth—but they keep vlogging.', - image: 'https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Screen-Shot-2017-06-08-at-1.32.44-PM-760x380.png', + image: 'https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Screen-Shot-2017-06-08-at-1.32.44-PM.png', lang: 'en', - logo: 'https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/themes/ars/assets/img/material-ars-db41652381.png', + logo: 'https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/cropped-ars-logo-512_480.png', publisher: 'Ars Technica', title: 'More than a decade later, how do original YouTube stars feel about the site?', url: 'https://arstechnica.com/features/2017/06/youtube-changed-my-life-a-pair-of-original-videostars-ponder-a-life-lived-online/', diff --git a/packages/metascraper/test/integration/arstechnica/snapshots/index.js.snap b/packages/metascraper/test/integration/arstechnica/snapshots/index.js.snap index 88ac2c5517a8f3614660221cb3cdd4bf67cdb68a..f7dc5d273633e09a7ca6af4570810e82ac7663de 100644 GIT binary patch literal 616 zcmV-u0+;ZU+`XZ%MVCJgldIHZziq6Ix{^E(HySt zhh>3g@gIu_00000000A(Q@w5!F%TZ#kwBCn5`}`&4-oIqafB!hqM;%J=>k$vq-fTj z-8J#qE8BY^ROAV0cmP7n+aU1*ya6R0+$9^L4Goqo&u4o)-^@2YFAL-3aX9-zQAb0^ z=tCq~TP;xsi%qCq3}@#`VZ?*s*CE`7`Cxb0+G_wf1b}w{@EHKU|Cz5Cz&8f)lL6oW z;Nt+`*L)oUY_jDIw)~=aOENNcWv;KU1G@`s71%x4WP|%`2yAJCEn%y)TcF|H-q|v? zv392(vev)$g| zGv~SUy3!U6KXC1STaXW1Jl3Q=ch+c2yv7+>UXa8oapY4{8hJrAO!UixChVrER5rP$PGTvhCykKKMzS$&8{<%gbe?3IZKo6I ziL98^E{ZPkY)4=edGc_SjK|{TUeegAUonHW>cD{Pjbm524ov=^+IE^}sr0UCND1^o z%-<7_^3l4mDkAy*Af+|1wg)a*H1B(DOa#iN_i(N3KYsB5p8}-{Q49 z;mX|*l!u5u@RG=IEZl`!Jm^SIdXa{$H=X^yE5r2?NH1uqH$J{7kF{k=ou+-(Qs)$|Ap7(m-!9pH`mA80{{TU C1<>FowS_=e3F0g2k?OhKf@m}F@A{d!XO!Zut}4i-k#iZ&%HgL!4f=XXjF4#G~YU0(W7)*gdxT8UWq{zzG0+1ArfY_6G*=ivc7(fRi4; zMGv5#09+&h8*F)4U~9lufIWZ>)_cejU`y+42^*>10wrsm*fKUz zIp4yKXUglq52Blr5pU2;$#)ocBt~k%qpfVXBeHEV93BqGds((O8V#~6d)FbYND775 zb=1zbckiD&&z;w$wrKc~YYv;7eAwhsk@nnKqb+fTGqOCV0xROkE0P*{PKqiQ)z8mg z@+Qs+r+i9O^OTX?oBFpA+|v^5xy#jAa>vz?uccC$fk%dT?(x)!|s zPl-`cMIl8WQVfA&NOe`F6-M$JjX)oS%*Vs+$6KS_;XgFpubbTHpy+x8R-gL753ka7 zZCs3Yi(c$IPdqBL9J!5v?RBXBWhMdm(!Pa>tC?0e$sEqLC53r0{{S$w=I Date: Sat, 5 Oct 2024 11:16:10 +0200 Subject: [PATCH 5/6] test: update snapshot --- .../integration/cio/snapshots/index.js.md | 2 +- .../integration/cio/snapshots/index.js.snap | Bin 647 -> 645 bytes .../computerworld/snapshots/index.js.md | 2 +- .../computerworld/snapshots/index.js.snap | Bin 780 -> 780 bytes .../test/integration/health/index.js | 31 - .../test/integration/health/input.html | 960 -- .../integration/health/snapshots/index.js.md | 23 - .../health/snapshots/index.js.snap | Bin 714 -> 0 bytes .../snapshots/index.js.md | 2 +- .../snapshots/index.js.snap | Bin 665 -> 665 bytes .../integration/linkedin-company/input.html | 9971 +++++++++++++---- .../linkedin-company/snapshots/index.js.md | 12 +- .../linkedin-company/snapshots/index.js.snap | Bin 471 -> 926 bytes .../mac-rumors/snapshots/index.js.md | 2 +- .../mac-rumors/snapshots/index.js.snap | Bin 637 -> 639 bytes .../integration/medium/snapshots/index.js.md | 2 +- .../medium/snapshots/index.js.snap | Bin 569 -> 565 bytes .../test/integration/the-register/input.html | 1825 ++- .../the-register/snapshots/index.js.md | 12 +- .../the-register/snapshots/index.js.snap | Bin 543 -> 600 bytes .../test/integration/wnycstudios/input.html | 2337 ++-- .../wnycstudios/snapshots/index.js.md | 10 +- .../wnycstudios/snapshots/index.js.snap | Bin 645 -> 561 bytes .../test/integration/yahoo-news/input.html | 1028 +- .../yahoo-news/snapshots/index.js.md | 10 +- .../yahoo-news/snapshots/index.js.snap | Bin 704 -> 655 bytes 26 files changed, 10327 insertions(+), 5902 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 packages/metascraper/test/integration/health/index.js delete mode 100644 packages/metascraper/test/integration/health/input.html delete mode 100644 packages/metascraper/test/integration/health/snapshots/index.js.md delete mode 100644 packages/metascraper/test/integration/health/snapshots/index.js.snap diff --git a/packages/metascraper/test/integration/cio/snapshots/index.js.md b/packages/metascraper/test/integration/cio/snapshots/index.js.md index 01cd3504a..201c367ba 100644 --- a/packages/metascraper/test/integration/cio/snapshots/index.js.md +++ b/packages/metascraper/test/integration/cio/snapshots/index.js.md @@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ Generated by [AVA](https://avajs.dev). description: 'If IT is going to better align themselves with business operations, they must be able to objectively quantify the value of the cloud.', image: 'http://images.techhive.com/images/article/2015/06/msftone_cloudperspective4-100588855-primary.idge.png', lang: 'en', - logo: 'https://idge.staticworld.net/cio/CIO_logo_144x144.png', + logo: 'https://idge.staticworld.net/cio/CIO_logo_300x300.png', publisher: 'CIO', title: '20 Ways to Measure the Success of Your Growing Cloud Investment', url: 'http://www.cio.com/article/2929788/cloud-computing/20-ways-to-measure-the-success-of-your-growing-cloud-investment.html', diff --git a/packages/metascraper/test/integration/cio/snapshots/index.js.snap b/packages/metascraper/test/integration/cio/snapshots/index.js.snap index cf129cefce78ec825167ba8a0b2b874034c2b972..eb8719e8511776ddfa03a9a0cc4c64849c552742 100644 GIT binary patch literal 645 zcmV;00($*HRzVsEKi{4I{@K1wqFl=__T~;rQI1k7t!ybO zn`yE)w{a{;TzWq}cnJM)9yw3m1HdN$xCVeb0QmJce&YaaxBxF)fW`&*;R5`20ls?x zd(P&rvw0SMMoEsdp6=}IfU^zG7C28~&vBnQ9ylAj&W5OCr3dA0Pu4a?O_?^M+6qYMj+d4radG}B^DtQQI35Z zJ#bJB<{kT5i;`5*^_i>@d5ugbgOItd<6sI&6(U`qFUg3ilQ0~DHXxK)rWy>SF79KY zFr;LTVNW9DM`2+T(j{IE-77St_c@<07K{1ZuZ${$=>ip}7*u6CMVyN=9fgbK zKg&ARqnP&&ZEvyfWl4~dtu}calt`geIy_yTUG)`L2b^CYaQ>eSA6IphE1Ti^0eGj& zvniS39gphujI$4-vpw#2C~R$TfO=j_IowggE_H3#Tcg|la!-34Y*{vFslbvZ&Ar;> z{Uo95lK-ZVLsA^JW8qT=iiq86^{bJ?Drwo0&a^vg7?{sba fbmhihm8-RzAfqCmp0`mkj^E`E7z5>aL9O|)yWgD%gX%IAzTJGw zszKkvVjqhL00000000ARld*EtFc5~LB%6bB@K_nt5AY{@f8MD`d7QFU!SDgc$H~+WpD0~6lEx-(#jU1 zw5cY0a~nm1#D(|MgNM)!=aKW|0|0ymfNKD_1At$D<2Me#mJ9I01*lzsA1=Ue7vQ@G zaNun3JKLwLFDS`zHq*VmJ#cox*#YM%960VX#{*|;-`NsXq;#*m-O<{%s3_HDkUMWh zts-_-3Uf8ed=Lr3K|G)G$=v6MK7VySnH}@PW6lH4`KM9QPJ~t(Rg%)hea!s^%a|?C znX)X=sz?}Vwn8E_Ok^r47^Rq7%xbi(QIxV(WmSRJGF_q(T`T*tOKMqOSz;?>VwGXn zM)w?4jakdSR-zykw_PTyMOGoxaW7=1t0)*lQn^Sr=ZjOK@;D6ppbZFRnyMNDsq_0- zC=4l?Vc3xf`C*vbm~?@cefJWLE!S3N{)F@SVzHRd{nDshm^M&Rf19`OIhoC_C$rgqHhf%Gt4!GxHxIx& zS)Pu`^zV33Z>F4m6s_%Wzeiy!gFV!O)beDV5;b6<6MoT#sG-~cu zCL89>J@lq&0;zNldqeqXdh~j+2z$D|)OlHvDw1%@{YJFbC++8JH$J84+qD~C$9}6T h<0or3{<>Uk+yp7*+4#J*ig5TYe*iTg`8&@8006&DHYxxB diff --git a/packages/metascraper/test/integration/computerworld/snapshots/index.js.md b/packages/metascraper/test/integration/computerworld/snapshots/index.js.md index 9e1e43941..11e56696c 100644 --- a/packages/metascraper/test/integration/computerworld/snapshots/index.js.md +++ b/packages/metascraper/test/integration/computerworld/snapshots/index.js.md @@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ Generated by [AVA](https://avajs.dev). description: 'My healthcare data is what I want protected the most (intimate details about my family’s health, where we live, and financial information). Anything and everything a hacker could want! It is safe? As a data security professional and citizen, I know the answer is not good.', image: 'http://images.techhive.com/images/article/2016/04/blog-31_apr15_image-1-100656409-primary.idge.jpg', lang: 'en', - logo: 'https://idge.staticworld.net/ctw/computerworld-logo144x144.png', + logo: 'https://idge.staticworld.net/ctw/computerworld-logo300x300.png', publisher: 'Computerworld', title: 'Healthcare Data Protection and Privacy Prognosis—Still Critical but New Treatment is Available', url: 'http://www.computerworld.com/article/3057179/data-analytics/healthcare-data-protection-and-privacy-prognosis-still-critical-but-new-treatment-is-available.html', diff --git a/packages/metascraper/test/integration/computerworld/snapshots/index.js.snap b/packages/metascraper/test/integration/computerworld/snapshots/index.js.snap index 53f489fdae437c66a0b61b0b5463960e3dcd1e51..64a5cc87d5541ca775fe9804f8b22ed9d1ef2e8f 100644 GIT binary patch literal 780 zcmV+n1M~brRzVN9 zjUf&Qejken00000000AJl+SP7L=eZv@1-dy1QN=D<8lKj{_&E$RL!APR1V|-RJ1|@ zA(ioZo;}Ta*V-LF_i<|f1CY3ILPg@vk-vpw{}N>9IiYVGQ#74n_)rr=<)36+!Z@>Nlw;CDMe&*3)oU-VA&-nRho0{}b+fIk7?9{@O< z0sJxp_-h8RHwQSM1N=P)kR5+VMEel!LG%IKiDn-~bBJyo zMz^pn*bQpFKN;J_Rx0O5`TjR9Cok%8#bk;wnY>e=&?r7W&K75Jb{a31PmZ(mBv=)m7w4b)*ch=}4h1)QT-y&1e+cmGd?B zP@g60!fvEuTMmeE0U>cTw{4t?7R|b&eL=VhD1nL6|X7LuHME{ z^upRu+S`(5r)h3n8J{ekV&fOfr^BRp5ihdrYvIJ`VLdc{Vo6dhUHaB_i2JoCS@!%S%aX=UcYe2NbHkyco37k{ z_}}HzLJb#gR6l<4rmH^heR*`yU$y1#;*Pywk~yDm%Mf2!KcxnlWci+ara)@w@r)|%|=*< z^v!jMhmqz6JVsmecJ<(W_!>M8J$9_O*m2%UY^jT7#Ev<{IASN2)Mi?_H5W9#3;zPZ KEC({e1ONbPc70_4 literal 780 zcmV+n1M~brRzVbJ2U<+ zJJ2}!IUkD%00000000AJl+TXbL=eWyGn)-)S=c2UI5szs)_-O*vr+Z{T7?6903s40 zfsjJEU1L|a-EDQ3#~Dt^8-T=x6ABV{jywy;JPERQydlOXf7RX9zpk&kU#@fG^i_EA z2MLRzTD!Vwg?#6{DL7bcLggg9cv%!E_}$*mbGQxt7rhm|^DO}U007Sb;7Q*Tv&C7QE#t-N@o9FxIz7*_ zB+IhzCyNdW3fglc?CdT!dq4Vet13bxl}1mhuZiNIx(Y>Ist&EF#ycS`R4A!P)h>wo zn5}S)LaHD^HbG(TT2b{@t+8gaef9jeu*-X*x{5rhj+EgIohY=0TC+u~8I5AQcD}|Q z>XSrW*sWA-%V832$d6K0sISN??OIa|Tpy`R=}`l&=`(c^6kgK@(yeFN_S|aZJFi5V^E4fTAraD5#T!brt9P*! zy|6Zv_O_(iGR=)E# zvi}=)r5nYkJzePW`dmR!SPzY#Sdvsrm%ecw;(qO7xqP-*E|bPicYeERbHkyco31>3 z@ZaUrLJb#gR6l<4x~o3#eR+7@M(pfh#zW5=)Z0E>S{FFHdj9JpVPn(-&%zpw%3D!i zQKuezLaE6Pc3*6e4d#X>yU$y1#;*Pyb}n^Ym%MS}!KcxnyV>gA;@Fetd4 diff --git a/packages/metascraper/test/integration/health/index.js b/packages/metascraper/test/integration/health/index.js deleted file mode 100644 index 88595ed1b..000000000 --- a/packages/metascraper/test/integration/health/index.js +++ /dev/null @@ -1,31 +0,0 @@ -'use strict' - -const { readFile } = require('fs/promises') -const { resolve } = require('path') -const test = require('ava') - -const metascraper = require('../../..')([ - require('metascraper-author')(), - require('metascraper-date')(), - require('metascraper-description')(), - require('metascraper-audio')(), - require('metascraper-video')(), - require('metascraper-image')(), - require('metascraper-lang')(), - require('metascraper-logo')(), - require('metascraper-logo-favicon')(), - require('metascraper-manifest')(), - require('metascraper-publisher')(), - require('metascraper-title')(), - require('metascraper-url')(), - require('metascraper-readability')() -]) - -const url = - 'https://www.health.govt.nz/about-ministry/legislation-and-regulation/regulatory-impact-statements/quality-improvement-agency-health-quality-and-safety-commission-functions-powers-and-funding' - -test('health.govt.nz', async t => { - const html = await readFile(resolve(__dirname, 'input.html')) - const metadata = await metascraper({ html, url }) - t.snapshot(metadata) -}) diff --git a/packages/metascraper/test/integration/health/input.html b/packages/metascraper/test/integration/health/input.html deleted file mode 100644 index 65339a38d..000000000 --- a/packages/metascraper/test/integration/health/input.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,960 +0,0 @@ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Quality Improvement Agency: Health Quality and Safety Commission: Functions, Powers and Funding | Ministry of Health NZ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
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Quality Improvement Agency: Health Quality and Safety Commission: Functions, Powers and Funding

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Published: October 2010

In December 2009 Cabinet agreed to strengthen the health sector’s focus on quality and safety by replacing the Quality Improvement Committee (QIC) with a stand alone Crown Agent, the Health Quality and Safety Commission. This regulatory impact statement considers what additional functions, powers, and funding mechanisms the Commission might need to achieve sustained quality and safety improvement across the health and disability system.

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Specifically, this assessment considers options for guideline setting functions, mortality review functions, powers to require information, and funding models.

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The options and analysis in this assessment have been informed by a Sector Advisory Group (SAG), established for the life of this project, comprising of senior doctors, nurses and health managers with expertise in quality and safety improvement. Chief executives and board chairs of a number of international quality agencies were also interviewed as part of the analysis. The key assumption underpinning this analysis is that voluntary provider participation is integral to the success of the Commission. Indeed the key to leading significant improvements in quality and safety is through clinical engagement and the provision of collaborative support. Voluntary uptake of the Commission’s quality improvement initiatives will depend on its reputation with clinicians and its capacity to form positive working relationships with the sector.

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None of the proposals outlined in this assessment will impair private property rights, market competition, or the incentives on health care providers to innovate and invest, or over-ride fundamental common law principles. None of the options covered in this assessment, except one, will impose additional costs on health providers, as the Commission’s role is to promote the voluntary uptake of quality improvement activities. If the option is chosen to legally require providers to provide the Commission with information, this may result in some compliance costs. This may be partially mitigated by tightly specifying the purposes for which the Commission may request information. In the Ministry’s view, the benefits associated with coordinated, national safety and quality monitoring far out-weigh this cost. A comprehensive, well developed, national set of quality and safety indicators enables targeted quality improvement activities and assessment of their effectiveness. Effective quality and safety improvement initiatives have the potential to significantly reduce medical error, mortalities and wastage across the health and disability sector.

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Ashley Bloomfield, Deputy Director-General (Acting)
- Sector Capability and Innovation
- Ministry of Health

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16 June 2010

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- Problem definition and status quo

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New Zealand studies suggest that there are substantial human and financial costs associated with medical error. Davis et al found that 12.9 percent of people admitted to hospital suffered an unintended injury caused in the management of their conditions, rather than the underlying disease1. Subsequent estimates suggest that preventable adverse events in the health sector cost between $320 and $590 million in 20012. These figures are likely to be conservative, given the age of the data and the growth in health expenditure over the last decade.

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A Clinical Reference Group3 has indicated that an annual 1–2 percent reduction in the rate of adverse events is achievable with good quality improvement techniques and training, which could reduce wasted expenditure of around $8-20 million per annum. It is important to note that these savings may not be realised as actual dollar savings. Rather, effective quality and safety activities may improve the value of health expenditure by reducing wastage and freeing resources for increased service volumes and the provision of additional services.

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Although the New Zealand Public Health and Disability Act 2000 (NZPHD Act) recognises the importance of quality and safety4, to date only modest quality and safety improvements have been achieved at a national level. Implementing a culture of continuous quality and safety improvement across the health sector has proved difficult. The Ministerial Review Group (MRG)5 identified the following barriers:

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  • - a lack of national coordination in undertaking some quality activity, such as data collection
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  • - a narrow focus on hospital care, rather than a whole of system view
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  • - short-term financial incentives on DHBs lead them to under invest in safety and quality; and
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  • - a perceived lack of independence from the regulatory, funding and performance functions of the Ministry of Health, leading to a lack of confidence and ownership by health professionals in supporting quality and safety improvement.
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Quality experts argue that a strong mandate to drive quality related activities, greater coordination of appropriate quality interventions at a national level and strong clinical engagement are pivotal to achieving sustained quality gains. Accordingly in December 2009, Cabinet agreed to strengthen the health sector’s focus on quality and safety by replacing the Quality Improvement Committee (QIC)6 with a stand alone Crown Agent, the Health Quality and Safety Commission (the Commission). A stand alone Crown Agent was chosen by Cabinet in recognition of the need for a separate organisation, independent of the health system’s regulatory, funding and performance monitoring functions, to maintain the confidence and engagement of health professionals.

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Cabinet further agreed that the Commission shall have the following functions:

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  • - public reporting of quality and safety indicators, including initially serious and sentinel events
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  • - leading and coordinating work to improve quality and safety across the health and disability system
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  • - any other functions it is authorised to perform by the Minister of Health (the Minister), including the collection, analysis and dissemination of information.
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Cabinet also directed the Ministry of Health, in conjunction with the Treasury and the State Services Commission, to report back on an appropriate funding model for the Commission as well as any powers it may require for successful performance of its functions. The following assessment reflects the work underpinning this Cabinet report back as well as additional functions that might further support the Commission in achieving sustained quality and safety improvements across the health and disability system. In particular, this assessment considers the Commission’s role in relation to options for guideline setting functions, mortality review functions, powers to require information and funding models.

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- Objectives

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The functions and powers considered in this assessment have the objective of supporting the Commission in its mandate to drive sustained quality improvement, including a decrease in adverse events across the wider health system (including primary care and the private sector). The goal of the Commission will be to improve quality and safety across the health system by reducing unwarranted variation, increasing adherence to evidence-based practice and reducing the incidence of adverse events. Effective change will be measured by a decrease in adverse events and increased patient satisfaction. It should also result in greater health sector productivity and efficiency.

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- Regulatory impact analysis

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- Additional Commission functions

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- Guideline setting functions

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Internationally, quality improvement agencies perform a variety of functions, including setting high level performance indicators (Public Health Wales) and the generation of voluntary, best practice guidelines (National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE), England). In some jurisdictions quality improvement agencies play a role in mandatory standard setting and regulation (Queensland Health Quality and Complaints Commission, Australia). This can pose issues with regards to the difficulties of combining policing and improvement roles where trust is essential to influencing practice. Locally, it is feasible that the Commission could undertake a role in voluntary guideline or mandatory standard setting in addition to the public reporting of quality and safety indicators and improvement programme functions previously conferred on it by Cabinet. It is important to note that local experts, including the Sector Advisory Group (SAG), are opposed to the Commission taking a role in mandatory standard setting. Rather this function is viewed as more appropriately the responsibility of the regulator. For this reason, mandatory standard setting has been disregarded as a viable option.

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- Option one, status quo, (preferred option): Selected indicators and quality improvement programmes only.

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Benefits:

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  • - allows the Commission to focus energy on building reciprocal relationships and providing support to the sector
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  • - allows the Commission to focus on developing high level quality and safety indicators and to concentrate its efforts on programmes aimed at improving performance against these indicators.
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Costs:

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  • - potential for lack of co-ordination and disjuncture between the Commission’s programmes and best practice guidelines produced elsewhere. Regardless of the Commission’s role in this regard, guidelines will continue to be produced by other entities, for example the professional colleges.
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- Option two: In addition to the status quo, voluntary best practice guidelines.

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Benefits:

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  • - development of best practice guidelines may provide the sector with additional tools to support improvement against the Commission’s quality and safety indicators
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  • - allows alignment and co-ordination between quality and safety indicators, quality programmes and best practice guidelines.
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Costs:

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  • - resource intensive to develop. For example, NICE in England typically take 24 months to complete best practice guidelines
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  • - development of guidelines may distract the Commission from its other functions
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  • - there are multiple players already producing best practice guidelines, including the World Health Organisation, the New Zealand Guidelines Group, Standards New Zealand and a number of professional associations. There is a risk of duplication and overcrowding if the Commission were afforded this function
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  • - best practice guidelines developed outside of broader funding considerations risk being expensive, extravagant and impractical for providers to implement.
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- Transfer of mortality review committee functions

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Under section 18 of the NZPHD Act the Minister may appoint one, or more, mortality review committees (the committees), which report directly to the Minister (section 11 of the NZPHD Act). The committees7 are charged with, amongst other things:

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  • - Reporting to the Minister on ‘specified classes of deaths with a view to reducing the number of deaths and to continuous quality improvement through the promotion of ongoing quality assurance programmes8’
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Reports produced by the committees must currently also be considered and addressed, in the form of advice to the Minister, by QIC. Following amendment of the NZPHD Act, this responsibility will transfer to the Commission. The committee’s secretariat is currently located within the Ministry.

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There are significant synergies between the work of the Commission and the committees. With the amendment of the NZPHD Act, the Commission will have responsibility for public reporting of serious and sentinel events, a responsibility which has clear links with the mortality measurement and review functions of the committees. Both the Commission and the committees are also charged with providing advice on quality improvement and quality assurance programmes aimed at reducing morbidity and mortalities. These synergies mean that the committees and the Commission require similar expertise and are reliant on close communications. For these reasons, it is important to consider if there may be efficiencies in transferring the committees and their functions from the Ministry to the Commission.

-

Consultation with the committee’s chairs revealed a range of views with regards to the transfer of mortality functions to the Commission. The Family Violence Death Mortality Review Committee expressed concern that transfer of its functions would hinder its ability to influence cross-sector change, whilst the Perinatal and Maternal Mortality Review Committee, and Perioperative Mortality Review Committee all saw considerable benefit and synergies in the transfer of their functions to the Commission. The Child and Youth Mortality Review Committee’s views sat in the middle of this continuum. Therefore, whilst the transfer of mortality review functions to the Commission may be of advantage to some of the committees, it is less advantageous to others. The interests of the full spectrum of committees and their functions will need to be carefully balanced. Whichever approach is taken, the Ministry stresses the importance of the committees’ shared secretariat remaining intact, so as to retain secretariat capacity.

-

- Option one, status quo:

-

Mortality review committees remain as section 11 Ministerial committees, reporting directly to the Minister with secretariat support remaining in the Ministry.

-

Under this option, the Minister would need to refer the mortality review committees’ reports to the Commission to provide him/her with advice on the matters they raise.

-

Benefits:

-
    -
  • - committees have direct report and influence with the Minister
    • -
  • - committees retain the gravitas and status associated with being a Ministerial committee
    • -
  • - committees considering mortalities with broader social determinants beyond the health sector may be better placed within the Ministry to influence at an inter-sectoral, cross government level (eg, Family Violence Death Mortality Review Committee or Child and Youth Mortality Review Committee).
    • -
-

Costs:

-
    -
  • - loss of potential synergies and efficiencies that might be achieved by transferring functions of the mortality review committees to the Commission, particularly given the Commission’s role in developing quality and safety programmes, setting indicators, and reporting on serious and sentinel events.
    • -
-

- Option two:

-

The Commission’s governing board must re-establish, as statutory standing committees within the Commission, the existing mortality committees.

-

Under this option secretariat capacity and expertise would transfer, with the mortality review committees, from the Ministry to the Commission.

-

Benefits:

-
    -
  • - enables strengthened synergies between the quality and safety improvement functions of the committees and the quality and safety improvement focus of the Commission
    • -
  • - committees can leverage off the Commission’s clinical and sector relationships. Due to the supportive, non-regulatory role of the Commission these relationships are likely to be stronger than those of the Ministry
    • -
  • - committees are likely to have more direct input into the quality and safety improvement programmes developed by the Commission. This will be most valuable for committees seeking to influence determinants located within the health sector (eg, Perioperative Mortality Review Committee and Perinatal and Maternal Mortality Review Committee)
    • -
  • - ensures continuation of the committees and the functions they fulfil.
    • -
-

Costs:

-
    -
  • - loss of direct report and influence with the Minister
    • -
  • - committees considering mortalities with broader social determinants than the health sector are less well placed to influence at an inter-sectoral, cross government level (eg, family violence or child and youth)
    • -
  • - potential loss of momentum in transferring the committees and their functions.
    • -
-

- Option three:

-

The Commission undertakes section 18 functions as it sees fit.

-

As an interim step, the Commission could be required to establish committees (reflecting the current committees and membership) to ensure continuity while the Commission establishes itself and determines how best to organise any mortality review functions. Under this option secretariat capacity and expertise would transfer from the Ministry to the Commission.

-

Benefits:

-
    -
  • - gives Commission flexibility in the means by which it operationalises its mortality review functions
    • -
  • - enables strengthened synergies between the quality and safety improvement functions of the committees and the quality and safety improvement focus of the Commission.
    • -
-

Costs:

-
    -
  • - loss of direct report and influence with the Minister
    • -
  • - risks diluting the Commission’s emphasis on the mortality review functions that the committees currently fulfil
    • -
  • - potential loss of momentum in transferring committee functions.
    • -
-

The mortality review committees have existing powers to require information. Under options two and three these powers would transfer to the Commission, but would apply only with respect to the Commission’s mortality review functions. As this is a transfer of existing requirements from the Ministry to the Commission, it will not place additional burden on DHBs or private providers. Options two and three are also cost neutral, with the operational cost of the mortality review functions transferring from Ministry baselines to the Commission. None of the options canvassed above will increase Vote Health baselines.

-

- Powers required by the Commission to enable performance of its functions

-

- Power to require information

-

Effective improvement comes from good quality analysis that points to where the opportunities are, helps measure when those improvements have been made and sustains them by continuously identifying the next best opportunity. Clearly the collection of information is pivotal to the success of such analysis. What is not so clear is whether the provision of information should be voluntary, or whether providers should be compelled to provide information with respect to quality and safety indicators as set by the Commission. The trade-off here is between the Commission’s ability to measure against accurate and encompassing quality and safety indicators versus the importance of clinician engagement and goodwill which is best fostered through voluntary participation.

-

- Option one:

-

Voluntary provision of information by providers.

-

Benefits:

-
    -
  • - both the MRG and SAG have emphasised the importance of voluntary participation. The key to leading significant improvements in quality and safety is through clinical engagement and supporting clinicians to make positive changes themselves. From this perspective, there is likely to be value in applying the principle of voluntary participation to the provision of information.
    • -
-

Costs:

-
    -
  • - voluntary provision of information is unlikely to allow development of truly national quality and safety indicators, compromising the Commission’s ability to monitor the performance of the health sector in its entirety. A lack of national coordination in undertaking quality activities, such as data collection, was one of the key barriers to sustained quality improvement identified by the MRG. (Note: the provision of information in relation to mortality review functions will remain mandatory, see above)
    • -
  • - there is a risk of self-selection bias for participating providers, ie, only high or, alternatively, poor performing providers may choose to participate, thereby compromising the relevance and accuracy of the Commission’s quality and safety indicators.
    • -
-

- Option two, (preferred option):

-

Compulsion on providers to provide information for specified purposes; eg, to require information with respect to quality and safety indicators as set by the Commission.

-

Under this option the Commission would be expected to obtain information through a ‘partnership’ approach, relying on its legislative powers only as a last resort and with the approval of the Minister of Health.

-

Benefits:

-
    -
  • - helps to ensure comprehensive information is available to support the development of quality and safety indicators across the health sector, ie, that indicators capture all providers
    • -
  • - allows comparative analysis of quality and safety performance and variation between providers and DHBs. Allows analysis of the reasons behind variations in outcomes and performance.
    • -
-

Costs:

-
    -
  • - compulsion may undermine clinical engagement and the goodwill needed to ensure quality and safety improvement programmes are implemented
    • -
  • - places compliance burden on DHBs and private providers who already face significant transaction costs associated with the existing regulatory and monitoring framework.
    • -
-

- Funding models

-

To ensure the relevance and sector focus of the Commission’s quality improvement activities, the MRG recommended its funding be via a mix of ‘fee-based quality programmes and financial subscriptions from public and private member organisations.’ In addition to the provision of quality improvement programmes, the Commission will also undertake a number of ‘public good’ functions, such as developing, measuring and reporting against indicators and advising the Minister. As a Crown entity, the Commission will also be required to meet statutory obligations associated with governance and accountability.

-

Treasury’s Guidelines for Setting Charges in the Public Sector identifies three types of ‘goods’ that determine appropriate sources of funding: public goods, private goods and industry or club goods:

-
    -
  • - Public Good: excluding people from the benefits of a public good is either difficult or costly and its use by one person does not prevent its use by another person. Public goods should be government (taxpayer) funded.
    • -
  • - Private Good: people can be excluded from the benefits of a private good if they do not pay for it, and its use by one person conflicts with its use by another (so there is an additional cost incurred in providing the service to another person). Private goods should be funded by the users or beneficiaries (or those whose actions create the risk if applicable).
    • -
  • - Club Good or Industry Good: a club good has some characteristics of a public good, in that its use by one person does not detract from its use by another, but either people can be excluded from the benefits of the good at low cost, or the beneficiaries are a narrow identifiable group. Industry/club goods should be funded by the identified groups of the users or beneficiaries (or risk makers).
    • -
-

An analysis of the potential outputs of the Commission against Treasury’s guidelines, as summarised in the table below, suggests that the Commission might best be funded by a mix of Crown funding and charging for programmes and services.

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- Analysis of the potential outputs of the Commission against Treasury’s guidelines
- Function - Type of good - Who pays
- Governance; leading and coordinating work to improve quality and safety10; s17 functions; mortality revew functions11; Health Information and Innovation Resource Centre - Public - Crown
- Public reporting of quality and safety indicators - Public - Crown
- National Quality Improvement Programmes and any other products - Club or industry good - Industry
- (providers/health professionals)
- Education and professional development - Club or industry good - Industry
- (providers/health professionals)
-

Whilst the above table suggests a mixed funding model may be preferable, it is feasible that the Commission may be fully Crown funded or, alternatively, may be entirely self-funded through service charges and subscription fees.

-

The voluntary nature of the Commission’s safety and quality improvement programmes places it as a provider of products and services that may be freely purchased, or not, by providers. Legislative change would only be required if provider participation in the Commission’s programmes were mandatory. Given that voluntary participation is considered integral to the success of the Commission, this approach is not seen as feasible. Rather, in the Ministry’s view, reputation concerns and the existing accountability and monitoring framework may more appropriately be used as levers to encourage provider participation in the Commission’s programmes.

-

- Option one:

-

Commission fully funded by the Crown, including quality improvement programmes and products.
- Crown funding will need to come from within Vote Health baselines.

-

Benefits:

-
    -
  • - provides a greater degree of security of funding for the Commission, thereby ensuring stability
    • -
  • - in SAG’s view, the full scope of the Commission’s services are public goods reflecting the Government’s commitment to improving health safety and quality for the benefit of New Zealand citizens. From this perspective, the Crown’s investment will manifest itself in other parts of the sector, through reduced morbidity and mortality, increased throughput, reduced waiting times and reduced bed utilisation.
    • -
-

Costs:

-
    -
  • - may not encourage the Commission to seek efficiencies and could lead to ‘gold-plating’, though this could be managed via the accountability framework
    • -
  • - private providers would effectively free-ride.
    • -
-

- Option two:

-

Full cost recovery from providers through fee-based quality improvement programmes and financial subscriptions from member providers.

-

Benefits:

-
    -
  • - the charge of improvement programmes and products falls on DHBs and private providers, who are in a good position to monitor standards, exert countervailing pressure on costs, and hold the agency to account by either raising concerns or by not purchasing certain services
    • -
  • - charging private providers is consistent with the safety and quality risks they can generate, the costs of which may fall on the public health system
    • -
  • - minimises costs to the taxpayer.
    • -
-

Costs:

-
    -
  • - DHBs and private providers may under-invest in quality due to short-term financial pressures, a lack of information about the benefits of quality improvement activity, or a lack of information about the Commission’s performance, particularly in its first few years
    • -
  • - consultation on the MRG recommendations showed concern that the Commission could become focused on revenue raising at the expense of independent analysis and supporting the sector
    • -
  • - there is a risk that the Commission may fail to generate enough revenue to function, particularly in its first few years
    • -
  • - SAG considered that cost recovery through a charging model would be inappropriate as the return on the Crown’s investment will occur in another part of the sector at a later time, eg, through reduced morbidity and mortality, increased throughput, reduced bed utilisation, and reduced waiting times
    • -
  • - sector providers bear costs for certain activities not directly related to quality and safety improvement programmes. eg, Commission providing advice to Minister and production of accountability documents.
    • -
-

- Option three (preferred option):

-

The Commission partially funded by the Crown and partially by charging providers for quality improvement programmes and products. Under this option a phased approach could be taken, with the Commission being fully Crown funded for the first two to three years of its operation while it establishes itself. After this period, the Commission would be expected to become partially self-funded through provider charges. As with Option One, Crown funding will need to come from within Vote Health baselines.

-

Benefits:

-
    -
  • - analysis of Treasury’s Guidelines for Setting Charges in the Public Sector suggests that a mixed funding model best reflects the Committees’ functions
    • -
  • - dual benefits of some stability from Crown funding, as well as incentives to remain relevant to DHBs and private providers.
    • -
-

Costs:

-
    -
  • - DHBs and private providers may still under-invest in quality, for the same reasons outlined under option two
    • -
  • - the Commission may become focused on revenue raising at the expense of independent analysis and best practice approaches to quality and safety improvement.
    • -
-

- Consultation

-

The options considered in this assessment have been informed by a Sector Advisory Group (SAG) established for the life of this project, comprising of senior doctors, nurses and health managers with expertise in quality and safety. It was the general view of SAG that the Commission must rely on winning hearts and minds and that this should be the basis of its ‘power’. SAG members were generally concerned that dependence on legislative powers could detract from the Commission’s ability to build a culture of continuous quality and safety improvement across the whole of the system.

-

A later, more in-depth discussion with the Commission’s interim board showed a strong consensus that the power to require information from providers (both private and public) would be essential to ensuring the Commission’s success. The Commission’s interim board also agreed that the Commission’s power to require information should be for clearly specified purposes only.

-

In terms of funding models, most SAG members held the view that the full scope of the Commission’s services are public goods, reflecting the government’s commitment to improving health safety and quality for the benefit of New Zealand citizens. Therefore, in SAG’s view, those services are appropriately funded by the Crown. There was a minority view that private sector providers should be charged for programmes, and that all providers could be charged for education and training.

-

The mortality review committee chairs were also consulted on whether or not their functions should be transferred to the Commission. There was a continuum of views, with the Family Violence Death Mortality Review Committee expressing concern that transfer of its functions would hinder its ability to effect cross-sector change, through to the Perinatal and Maternal Mortality Review Committee, and Perioperative Mortality Review Committee which saw considerable benefit and synergies in the transfer of their functions to the Commission. The Child and Youth Mortality Review Committee’s views sat in the middle of this continuum. Each of the committees expressed some concern regarding the loss of direct influence with the Minister, which was seen as a key benefit of their current status as Ministerial committees.

-

Extensive feedback was also received by the Minister on the original MRG report. This feedback has also informed the options covered in this assessment. Submissions showed broad support for an increased focus on clinician led, quality improvement initiatives. DHBs, clinician professional associations and primary care providers all supported a focus on community based services, in addition to hospital based services. A number of submissions showed concern that a self-funding quality agency could become preoccupied with revenue sources rather than independent analysis and reporting.

-

A broad range of options for Commission functions, powers and the funding model for the Commission were discussed with an officials’ group comprising the Treasury, State Services Commission and the Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet. This discussion informed the options and analysis in this assessment. The officials’ group supported charging for programmes and education activities but recognise that some Commission functions are public good activities and should therefore be funded by the Crown. Treasury in particular raised the concern that providers, including DHBs, may fail to participate in quality improvement programmes, particularly if provided at a charge.

-

The Health and Disability Commissioner, the Accident Compensation Corporation (ACC) and the Ministry of Justice were consulted and broadly supportive of the preferred options canvassed in this assessment. ACC noted some concern regarding a mixed funding approach and queried whether DHBs would willingly participate in fee-based quality improvement programmes. The Ministries of Social Development and Women’s Affairs were consulted specifically on the transfer of the family violence mortality review function to the Commission. These two agencies were of the view that the Family Violence Death Mortality Review Committee does not fit well within the ambit of the Commission, whose primary focus is improving quality and safety across the health and disability system. Rather, in their view, family violence is a cross-cutting social, criminal justice and public health issue, requiring a whole of system response.
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- Conclusions and recommendations

-

The above regulatory impact analysis summarises the range of advantages and costs associated with options for guideline setting, the transfer of mortality review functions, powers to require information and funding models. From this analysis, the following conclusions can be drawn.

-

- Guideline setting functions

-

It is the Ministry’s view that mandatory standard setting would not support the objectives of the Commission. This view is clearly supported by SAG. Rather, it is important that regulatory functions remain outside the Commission, allowing it to focus on providing support to the sector in a spirit of partnership and trust. There could be benefits, however, in the Commission taking a role in voluntary guideline setting. Commission guidelines may provide the sector with additional tools to support quality and safety improvements, however there is a risk of overcrowding and duplication given that a number of entities, both internationally and locally, already provide this function. It is also possible that the development of resource intensive guidelines will detract the Commission from its other functions.

-

- Mortality review functions

-

As discussed above, there are significant synergies between the work of the Commission and the committees. Transfer of the committees, or the committees’ functions, may enable these synergies to be maximised to optimal advantage. Such an approach would, however, cost the committees direct influence with the Minister, a key benefit of the committees’ current status as Ministerial committees. Consultation also indicated that whilst transfer of the committees’ functions to the Commission may be of advantage to some of the committees, the Family Violence Death Mortality Review Committee felt that this approach would hinder its ability to effect cross-sector change. The interests of the full spectrum of committees and their functions will need to be carefully balanced when taking this decision. Whichever approach is taken, the Ministry stresses the importance of the committees’ shared secretariat remaining intact, so as to retain secretariat capacity and critical mass.

-

If mortality review functions were transferred to the Commission, the committees could either be established as statutory standing committees or the Commission could undertake its mortality review functions as it sees fit. Whilst the former approach would ensure continuation of the committees as they are currently structured, the latter option would afford the Commission greater operational flexibility.

-

- Powers to require information

-

Good information and data is integral to an effective safety and quality improvement strategy. High quality information enables assessment of performance across the health sector as well as analysis of the drivers behind unwarranted variations in clinical outcomes. In the Ministry’s view, it is unlikely that the Commission could effectively monitor and address the safety and quality of the health and disability sector at a national level in the absence of a power to require information from providers. If the Commission were afforded the power to require information, it should be expected to do so through a ‘partnership’ approach, relying on its legislative powers only in instances of last resort. The Commission should not have an unbounded ability to require information from providers. Rather, legislation will need to clearly specify the purposes for which the Commission may require information.

-

- Funding models

-

There are several options for funding models to support the Commission, ranging from full Crown funding through to full self-funding/cost recovery via fee-based quality improvement programmes and financial subscriptions. The Ministry recommends a mixed funding model, i.e., that the Commission be partially funded by the Crown and partially self-funded by charging providers for quality improvement programmes and products. This approach would provide the dual benefits of stability from Crown funding, as well as incentives on the Commission to remain relevant to DHBs and private providers. If a mixed funding model were chosen, the Ministry recommends a phased approach. The Ministry recommends that the Commission be fully Crown funded for two to three years, thus allowing the Commission to establish itself in a stable funding environment. After this period, the Commission should be expected to partially self-fund via provider charges.

-

- Implementation

-

To support a smooth transition process to the new arrangements, the Quality Improvement Committee will be replaced with an interim board charged with overseeing the Commission’s establishment. The Ministry has also formed an establishment unit to support the interim board and undertake the preparatory work required for establishing the Commission. The interim board and establishment unit are responsible for transitioning the existing quality improvement work programme, of both QIC and the Ministry, to the interim entity.

-

- Interim steps

-

Appoint interim board to direct establishment of the Commission (see above).

-

- Medium term steps (from July 2010)

-

Recruitment of executive leader
- Minister’s letter of expectations
- Statement of Intent and work programme development
- Transfer contracts, funding and staff from Ministry to the Commission
- Formal Board appointment when NZPHD Act amendment passed
- Statement of Intent agreed with Minister

-

- Longer term steps (from 2011)

-

Transfer of mortality review committees, including funding, staff and assets
- In third year, 2012/13, introduction of expectation that the Commission begin charging for selected quality improvement programmes.

-

- Monitoring, evaluation and review

-

The Commission will be expected to collect information to measure the impact of its programmes, both qualitatively and quantitatively, on improving quality and safety and any resulting cost savings or productivity improvement. After five years of operation the Commission will be expected to undertake and provide the Minister with an evaluation of the impact of its activities.

-

In addition to this the Ministry will be responsible for ongoing monitoring of the performance of the Commission, including financial performance, against agreed accountability documents on the Minister’s behalf. The Ministry, as the key policy and budget advisor to the Minister of Health, will also provide him / her with advice on any specific proposals that have funding implications for Vote Health.

-

Beyond the standard monitoring processes, Cabinet has also agreed to a further review of the DHB model within the next three years. This review will assess whether more fundamental reform will be needed to create strong enough incentives for efficiency, and to enable the sector to lift its performance within a more sustainable growth track. This will include an assessment of the extent to which the Commission has been effective in improving quality and safety performance across the health sector.

-

- Footnotes

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    -
  1. - Davis P, Lay-Yee R, Briant R, Alim W, Scott A, and Schug S. Adverse events in New Zealand public hospitals 1: Occurrence and impact. New Zealand Medical Journal (2002) 115:1167.
    2. -
  2. - Brown P, McArthur C, Newby L, Lay-Yee R, Davis P, and Briant R. Cost of medical injury in New Zealand: a retrospective cohort study. Journal of Health Services Research and Policy (2002) 7:29–34.
    3. -
  3. - A Clinical Reference Group was established in November 2009, at the request of the Minister of Health, to provide advice on the Ministerial Review Group recommendation that an independent national quality agency be established to replace the Quality Improvement Committee.
    4. -
  4. - The NZPHD Act 2000, s9(1)(a) and (b), requires the Minister of Health to determine a strategy for the development and use of: -
      -
    • - nationally consistent standards and quality assurance programmes for health services and consumer safety; and
      • -
    • - nationally consistent performance monitoring of health services and consumer safety against those standards and programmes.
      • -
    -
    5. -
  5. - Ministerial Review Group Meeting the Challenge: Enhancing Sustainability and the Patient and Consumer Experience within the Current Legislative Framework for Health and Disability Services in New Zealand (2009).
    6. -
  6. - The Quality Improvement Committee was established as a section 11 Ministerial Committee to advise the Minister on health epidemiology and quality assurance matters (section 17 NZPHD Act).
    7. -
  7. - Currently the following mortality review committees have been established: Perinatial and Maternal Mortality Review Committee; Child and Youth Mortality Review Committee; Perioperative Mortality Review Committee; and Family Violence Death Review Committee. In addition, time-limited committees are occasionally established in response to specific issues, for example, the Pandemic Influenza Mortality Review Committee.
    8. -
  8. - Section 18 (1)(a) of the New Zealand Public Health and Disability Act 2000.
    9. -
  9. - Section 18 (2)(a) of the New Zealand Public Health and Disability Act 2000.
    10. -
  10. - Aspects of these functions will be overheads related to Quality Improvement Programmes and Education/Professional Development which could be cost-recovered through fees charged for those services.
    11. -
  11. - Advice to the Minister on any health epidemiology or quality assurance matter; ensuring, to the maximum extent practicable, national coordination in reporting relevant health epidemiology and quality assurance matters and that there is a capacity to improve health outcomes through quality assurance programmes directed to clinical providers; considering all reports from any mortality review committees and providing advice to the Minister on appropriate quality assurance programmes to institute and respond to those and other relevant reports.
    12. -
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Page last updated: 07 April 2011

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+ + Put consumer segmentation and cultural understanding at the center of your strategy. + +

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The Audiense platform combines rich social data sources with the world’s leading cognitive and machine learning enabling you to understand the audiences that matter to your business. - +Here at Audiense we offer 2 powerful products: -

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+Audiense Insights - Reach beyond the social conversation to gather rich, real-time insights about the audience that matters to your business. -
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    From Twitter tool to audience intelligence platform: 💾 Javier Burón's journey with Audiense shows how #tech startups can evolve and thrive. + +Key lessons: + +• Adapt to industry changes +• Foster strategic partnerships +• Integrate emerging technologies + +Listen to our full chat below! 👇 + +Spotify: https://buff.ly/4ee5yB4 +Apple: https://buff.ly/3ZwWv9H + +#AI #Startup #SaaS

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    + 🔸Driving Customer Experience Excellence | Developing Talent & Training Teams | Connecting People with Results🔸 +

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    🎯 En Audiense hemos empezado el mes andando! 👣 Queremos celebrar el Día Mundial de la Salud Mental (10 octubre), caminando cada día en familia, con amigos, con mascotas, o sol@s. Caminar es un regalo de bienestar y salud, y es gratis! + +🫰 Tenemos un objetivo como empresa: lograr entre tod@s llegar a los 2M de pasos!! (ya hemos logrado el reto inicial de 100.000) Vamos publicando en nuestro Slack los pasos diarios de las personas que participan. + +🧸 Además, también vamos a dar apoyo a la Fundación Juegaterapia que cuida de los peques que están en el hospital ofreciéndoles juegos y entretenimiento durante su estancia.🧩 Es un plan redondo! + +En alguna empresa estáis haciendo algo similar❓ + +Yo estoy empezando mis caminatas mañaneras con la belleza del mar y del Sol. + +Gracias a mis compañeras Jessica Laughton y Veronika Kotetishvili por organizarlo y coordinarlo todo! 👌🔥 + +#mentalhealthawarenessday #diamundialdelasaludmental #wellbeing #bienestar #autocuidados #saludmental #andandosehaceelcamino #walking

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    Audience segmentation is the cornerstone of targeted marketing, but for small agencies, accessing the necessary data can be a hurdle. -

  • +Direct access to client's first-party data is often restricted, especially with GDPR considerations. - - Videos - +So, how can you gather crucial audience information without compromising privacy or efficiency? -
    • - - - +Audience intelligence tools like Audiense streamline data collection, allowing you to effortlessly gather social data and insights about any audience. -
    +Select your client's brand and the desired number of segments, and let the tool do the heavy lifting. - +Even if you're fortunate enough to have access to raw first-party data, these tools can seamlessly integrate and analyze it alongside social data, providing a more holistic view of your audience. +💡 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲: Imagine segmenting the entire Panda Express audience into 8 distinct groups. - +With Audiense, it's as easy as typing in their social handle and specifying the number of segments. - - +The platform will then automatically analyze the data and present you with actionable insights about each group's demographics, interests, behaviors, and more. -
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    - About -

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    The Audiense platform combines rich social data sources - with the world’s leading cognitive and machine learning enabling you to understand the - audiences that matter to your business. Here at Audiense we offer 2 powerful products: - PRODUCTS Audiense Insights - Reach beyond the social conversation to gather rich, - real-time insights about the audience that matters to your business. Utilise our - ‘Insights’ solution to: • Explore the different segments within each audience • Understand - the common characteristics that bring these individuals together. • Competitive - intelligence by comparing segments with baselines or other audiences. • Identify relevant - online/ offline marketing channels to increase engagement and customer acquisition - Audiense Connect - Approach social marketing the smart way! Use our ’Connect’ solution to: - • Create your own custom chatbots • Build and explore communities using the world’s - richest audience insights • Carry out community analysis, management, advanced monitoring - & listening • Understand Instagram at an individual level and extract community - insights to help develop your Instagram strategy - - -
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    +👀📽 Watch the video below to see this in action. -
    +Efficient data collection is essential for effective audience segmentation. By leveraging audience intelligence tools, small agencies can: - +✔️ Overcome data access challenges.  +✔️ Gain a deep understanding of their client's target market. - - + + + + +
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    Yesterday we saw a super amazing start from the Audiense team. From us in Málaga, Sevilla, Córdoba, Murcia and more, we started to hit the road and actually... We already beat our goals on the first day! How crazy is that?! + +Since us Audiensers are not only competitive but love showing our support, we have decided to massively increase our goals. + +🏁 We are increasing the fundraiser from 250€ to 500€ and our total step count from 100k to 2M. 🏁 + +The 10th October meet-up walk will stay 10k steps (approx 8km). + +Thank you so much for an increasing amount of support from our super amazing team and their family and friends! + +Check out some of our pictures too from around Spain on yesterday's walks. + +Bye for now! https://gofund.me/936715fb + +#octoberstepchallenge2024 #mentalhealthawareness #fundraiser

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    Understanding your client's audience is the cornerstone of effective marketing.  To ensure your strategies resonate and deliver results, consider these best practices for audience analysis: - -

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    - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - +🔹𝗨𝘁𝗶𝗹𝗶𝘇𝗲 𝗰𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗿𝗲𝗵𝗲𝗻𝘀𝗶𝘃𝗲 𝘁𝗼𝗼𝗹𝘀: Leverage platforms like Audiense for robust data collection, segmentation, and insightful analysis. Streamline your efforts and gain a clear picture of your target market. + +🔹𝗙𝗼𝗹𝗹𝗼𝘄 𝗮 𝘀𝘁𝗿𝘂𝗰𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗲𝗱 𝗰𝗵𝗲𝗰𝗸𝗹𝗶𝘀𝘁: Implement a checklist to systematically guide your analysis, ensuring you cover all critical steps and avoid common pitfalls. + +🔹𝗜𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗴𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗲 𝗱𝗶𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘀𝗲 𝗱𝗮𝘁𝗮 𝘀𝗼𝘂𝗿𝗰𝗲𝘀: Combine data from social media, website analytics, CRM systems, and more for a holistic understanding of audience behaviors and preferences. + +🔹𝗖𝗿𝗲𝗮𝘁𝗲 𝗱𝗲𝘁𝗮𝗶𝗹𝗲𝗱 𝗽𝗲𝗿𝘀𝗼𝗻𝗮𝘀: Develop rich audience personas that go beyond demographics, incorporating psychographic and behavioral insights to guide your marketing strategy. + +🔹𝗥𝗲𝗴𝘂𝗹𝗮𝗿𝗹𝘆 𝘂𝗽𝗱𝗮𝘁𝗲 𝘀𝗲𝗴𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁𝘀: Keep your audience data fresh and relevant by monitoring trends and adapting your segments accordingly. + +🔹𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗺𝘂𝗻𝗶𝗰𝗮𝘁𝗲 𝗶𝗻𝘀𝗶𝗴𝗵𝘁𝘀 𝗰𝗹𝗲𝗮𝗿𝗹𝘆: Present your findings and recommendations using visually engaging reports, ensuring everyone involved understands the data and its implications. + +By applying these best practices and leveraging the power of our Audience Analysis Toolkit, you'll empower your agency to: + +✅ Enhance engagement and build stronger customer relationships. + +✅ Drive conversions and achieve greater ROI on your marketing efforts. + +✅ Foster long-term loyalty and success for both your agency and your clients. + +Audience intelligence is an ongoing process. By continuously refining your understanding of your target market, you'll stay ahead of the curve and deliver exceptional results. + +Ready to unlock the full potential of your audience analysis?  Download our free Audience Analysis Toolkit today and start crafting data-driven strategies that truly resonate.

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    + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Ultimate audience analysis toolkit for small agencies [Free templates] +
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    + Ultimate audience analysis toolkit for small agencies [Free templates] +

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    + resources.audiense.com +

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    + Audiense reposted this +

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    + + + View profile for Veronika Kotetishvili, graphic + + +
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    + + Veronika Kotetishvili + +
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    + I smile through even the most pressured situations! Customer Training Specialist at Audiense with previous experience in business, life coaching & sales. +

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    This is me two years ago, just before my 29th birthday, I decided to walk 10k every day for two weeks to raise money for a mental health charity. With World Mental Health Awareness Day coming up on October 10th, Jessica Laughton and I were inspired to get the whole Audiense team involved! Drawing from my previous walk, we decided that from October 1st to 10th, we'll collectively walk 100k as a company to promote and improve our well-being. We're also raising funds for a special cause—please read about it below and donate if you can! + +https://gofund.me/aa5da227 + +On the 10th, we'll have a 'no meetings' day so everyone can meet up in their areas, walk 10k together, and bring along friends and family. Who says a remote company can't connect? + +We’re incredibly excited to be doing this , uniting for a great cause while supporting each other's mental and physical well-being! 💜 #mentalhealthawarenessday #wellbeing

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    + Audiense reposted this +

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    + + + View profile for Jessica Laughton, graphic + + +
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    + Remote Language Coach +

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    👟 Exciting News from Audiense! 👟 + +Veronika Kotetishvili and I are excited to share a special event we've organised for our team to support an amazing cause—Juegaterapia! 🎗️ + +Starting from 1st October, our team will be working together towards a collective step goal of 100,000 steps to raise funds for Juegaterapia, a charity that brings joy to children at hospitals by turning their stays into moments of fun through play and video games! 🎮❤️ + +As part of this initiative, our remote teams will be coming together on 10th October for a meet-up walk, where we'll collectively aim to hit 10k steps. This coincides with World Mental Health Day, and to show our support, we’re also declaring it a No Meetings Day—encouraging everyone to focus on their mental well-being. 🧠🌍 + +We’d love your support for this important cause. Please consider donating and helping us make a difference. + +>>>>>>> https://gofund.me/aa5da227 <<<<<<<< + +#Audiense #CharityWalk #WorldMentalHealthDay #Juegaterapia #MentalHealthAwareness #100KSteps #NoMeetingsDay #10thoctober

    +
    + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Donate to Audiense Walks for Juegaterapia, organized by Jessica Laughton +
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    + Donate to Audiense Walks for Juegaterapia, organized by Jessica Laughton +

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    + gofundme.com +

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