Networking in OpenStack is quite complex, you have multiple options and you currently have two different, incompatible implementations:
- nova-network
- neutron (formerly known as quantum)
nova-network is the legacy network service for OpenStack, and has proven to be reliable and scalable enough.
However, because of the architecture of the nova-network service, a new project has started in the last 2 years, called Neutron. The main difference between nova-network and neutron is that the former gives a very basic service that can only be managed and configured by the cloud administrator, while the latter provides a network API (like any other OpenStack service) that allows the user to create and manage multi-tier networks, routers, and network services like firewall, dns, load balancers.
However, at the time of writing, Neutron does not have all the features nova-network has (for one: there is no HA for the routers), and configuration and troubleshooting is much much more complicated than with nova-network.
Considering that most deployments does not need all the features that Neutron has, we decided to deploy our cloud using nova-network first, and dedicate the last day to play with neutron.
The main goal of nova-network is to provide network access to the OpenStack instances, specifically:
- between two VMs in the cloud and
- to the outside world.
There are currently three kind of networks implemented by three "Network Manager" types:
- Flat DHCP Network Manager: the implementation we are going to use in the tutorial. OpenStack starts a DHCP server (dnsmasq) to pass out IP addresses to VM instances from the specified subnet in addition to manually configuring the networking bridge. IP addresses for VM instances are grabbed from a subnet specified by the network administrator.
- Flat Network Manager: a network administrator specifies a subnet where IP addresses for VM instances are grabbed from the subnet, and then injected into the image on launch. This means the system adminstrator has to implement a method for the IP assigment: external DHCP or other means.
- VLAN Network Manager: In this mode, Compute creates a VLAN and bridge for each project. For multiple machine installation, the VLAN Network Mode requires a switch that supports VLAN tagging (IEEE 802.1Q)
The network manager we are going to deploy during this tutorial is Flat DHCP Network, mainly because VLAN Network requires a vlan-capable switch that we don't have (nor we would have time to explain how to configure it, or are willing to :))
If you plan to setup a cloud and you have a strong security requirement to separate the network of your tenants, you'd probably want to deploy VLAN Network instead.
On a Flat DHCP Network, we have to create a bridge interface on all the compute nodes and on the network node, that will be used for VM-VM communication, like in the following figure:
The setup we are going to test will use the network node as gateway and dhcp server for all the VMs, but OpenStack allows you to enable multi-host networks. On a multi-host network, the role of the network-node is spread over all the compute nodes, which means that:
- Each compute node will run an instance of dnsmasq for all the instances hosted on that compute node
- Each compute node acts as a gateway for the VMs, and is thus responsible to giving connectivity to the outside world.
- If you enable Floating IPs, each compute node needs to have one network interface on the public network, since public IPs will be assigned to the network interface of the compute node.
On a multi host network, therefore, the connections to and from the VMs will not pass through the network-node, which is not anymore a
- Singole point of failure
- if a compute node dies, only VMs running on that compute node are affected.
- bottleneck
- network traffic flows directly from the compute node to the main router of your network, not passing through the network-node anymore.
As we did for the api node before staring it is good to quickly check if the remote ssh execution of the commands done in the all nodes installation section worked without problems. You can again verify it by checking the ntp installation.
Please note that nova-network service will use the same user and MySQL
database we used for the api-node node, and since the old
nova-network service does not have any specific API we don't have
to create a keystone service and endpoint for it.
Let's start by installing the needed software:
root@network-node:~# apt-get install -y nova-network ebtables nova-api-metadata
Network configuration on the network-node will look like:
| iface | network | usage |
|---|---|---|
| eth0 | 10.0.0.0/24 | management network (internal network of the OS services) |
| eth1 | 172.16.0.0/24 | public network |
| eth2 | 0.0.0.0 | slave interface of br100 (integration bridge) |
| br100 | 10.99.0.0/22 | integration network, internal network of the VMs |
The last interface (eth2) is managed by nova-network itself, so we
only have to create a bridge and attach eth2 to it. This is done on
ubuntu by editing the /etc/network/interfaces file and ensuring
that it contains:
auto br100
iface br100 inet static
address 0.0.0.0
pre-up ifconfig eth2 0.0.0.0
bridge-ports eth2
bridge_stp off
bridge_fd 0
This will ensure that the interface will be brought up after networking initialization, but if you want to bring it up right now you can just run:
root@network-node:~# ifup br100 Waiting for br100 to get ready (MAXWAIT is 2 seconds). ssh stop/waiting ssh start/running, process 1751
The network node acts as gateway for the VMs, so we need to enable IP
forwarding. This is done by ensuring that the following line is
present in /etc/sysctl.conf file:
net.ipv4.ip_forward=1
This file is read during the startup, but it is not read afterwards. To force Linux to re-read the file you can run:
root@network-node:~# sysctl -p /etc/sysctl.conf net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1
Update the configuration file /etc/nova/nova.conf and ensure the
following options are defined:
network_api_class = nova.network.api.API security_group_api = nova network_manager=nova.network.manager.FlatDHCPManager force_dhcp_release=True firewall_driver=nova.virt.libvirt.firewall.IptablesFirewallDriver rabbit_host=10.0.0.3 rabbit_password = gridka flat_network_bridge=br100 fixed_range=10.99.0.0/22 flat_network_dhcp_start=10.99.0.10 network_size=1022 [database] connection = mysql://nova:[email protected]/nova
We will also add some options to automatically assign a public IP to the virtual machine:
# Floating IPs auto_assign_floating_ip=true default_floating_pool=public public_interface=eth1
Restart the nova-network service and the nova-api-metadata service with:
root@network-node:~# service nova-network restart root@network-node:~# service nova-api-metadata restart
You have to create manually a private internal network on the main
node. This is the internal network used by the instances within
OpenStack, and usually is a completely separated network. On the
compute nodes and on the network node this is available through the
br100 bridge (although compute nodes does not have an IP address
on this network), while other service nodes does not have any
interface on that network. As a consequence, the internal IP address
of the instances is only reachable by either the network node
or another instance.
The command to create the internal network 10.99.0.0/22, which we are going to call "net1" is:
root@network-node:~# nova-manage network create --fixed_range_v4 10.99.0.0/22 \ --num_networks 1 --network_size 1022 --bridge br100 net1
In order to allow the instances to be reachable from the
internet too (during this school, due to hardware limitations, this
only means reachable by the physical nodes) we need to create a range
of public IPs. These IP can be either automatically assigned when an
instance is started (using the option
auto_assign_floating_ip=true in /etc/nova/nova.conf on the
nova-network node, like we did), and/or assigned and removed from
an instance while it is up&running.
Create a floating public network:
root@network-node:~# nova-manage floating create --ip_range 172.16.1.0/24 --pool=public
We are going to use all the IP address of type 172.16.1.x for the
public IP of the VMs. Please note that this does not have to be a
real network: the argument of the --ip_range option is used to
allow passing multiple IP addresses at once, so that the previous
commands has exactly the same effect of running:
root@network-node:~# for i in {1..254}
do
nova-manage floating create --ip_range 172.16.1.$i --pool=public
done
(but the latter it's quite slower!)
A list of floating IPs defined in the network nova can be shown using
nova-manage:
root@network-node:~# nova-manage floating list None 172.16.1.1 None public eth2 None 172.16.1.2 None public eth2 ... None 172.16.1.254 None public eth2
The default security group does not have any rule associated with it, so you may want to add default rules to at least allow ping and ssh connections:
root@network-node:~# nova --os-user admin --os-tenant-name admin \ --os-password keystoneAdmin --os-auth-url http://auth-node.example.org:5000/v2.0 \ secgroup-add-rule default icmp -1 -1 0.0.0.0/0 +-------------+-----------+---------+-----------+--------------+ | IP Protocol | From Port | To Port | IP Range | Source Group | +-------------+-----------+---------+-----------+--------------+ | icmp | -1 | -1 | 0.0.0.0/0 | | +-------------+-----------+---------+-----------+--------------+ root@network-node:~# nova --os-user admin --os-tenant-name admin \ --os-password keystoneAdmin --os-auth-url http://auth-node.example.org:5000/v2.0 \ secgroup-add-rule default tcp 22 22 0.0.0.0/0 +-------------+-----------+---------+-----------+--------------+ | IP Protocol | From Port | To Port | IP Range | Source Group | +-------------+-----------+---------+-----------+--------------+ | tcp | 22 | 22 | 0.0.0.0/0 | | +-------------+-----------+---------+-----------+--------------+ root@network-node:~# nova secgroup-list-rules default +-------------+-----------+---------+-----------+--------------+ | IP Protocol | From Port | To Port | IP Range | Source Group | +-------------+-----------+---------+-----------+--------------+ | icmp | -1 | -1 | 0.0.0.0/0 | | | tcp | 22 | 22 | 0.0.0.0/0 | | +-------------+-----------+---------+-----------+--------------+
Next: life of a VM (Compute service) - nova-compute
For a very good explanation about the FlatDHCP netowrk configuration, also cfr. http://www.mirantis.com/blog/openstack-networking-flatmanager-and-flatdhcpmanager/