Roger Penrose: “Spring Theory Wrong and Dark Matter Doesn't Exist“

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Roger Penrose: “Spring Theory Wrong and Dark Matter Doesn't Exist“

Stand Out Elements
I have done an excellent job to journey us through this beautiful piece to provide us with the most relevant information about the title with the aid of the right sources. One of the pieces of evidence is the claim that Penrose didn't say mechanical quantum is totally wrong which happens to be what everyone says he said, he meant it is incomplete. I did basic explanations of the contextual terms like cosmology, cosmic inflation, string theory, dark matter, big bang, and quantum mechanics which are related to the title.

These are the top five interests that sum up viewers’ comments:

1. Comparison Between Kaku and Penrose: Some viewers express a preference for Roger Penrose over Michio Kaku, emphasizing Penrose's significant contributions and his skeptical approach.
2. String Theory: Viewers are engaged in a discussion about string theory as an advanced mathematical concept utilized by certain physicists to secure research funding and maintain royalties from publications. While many find it fascinating, there are some who question its validity.
3. Doubt String Theory: Certain viewers harbor skepticism towards string theory, particularly when additional dimensions are introduced to support the mathematical framework. They perceive this as a method of artificially prolonging the hypothesis instead of seeking genuine truths.
   4 Dark Matter: The topic of dark matter sparks debate among viewers, with some expressing uncertainty about its existence as an explanation for unexplained gravitational forces holding galaxies together. Some suggest that there might be another unaccounted force at play.
4. Admiration for Roger Penrose: Several viewers appreciate Roger Penrose's scientific methodology and his inclination towards skepticism in contrast to other scientists who simply accept theories without questioning them.

Roger Penrose: “ Spring Theory Wrong and Dark Matter Doesn't Exist “

https://youtu.be/q1ubpGylbWs?si=vYR50ghej3clvY4p

Intro
The string theory which was originally developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s by theoretical physicists such as Gabriele Veneziano, Leonard Susskind, and others. Michio Kaku has also contributed to the field and is well known for popularizing string theory. The concept of dark matter was also first introduced by Swiss astronomer Fritz Zwicky in the 1930s. Both concepts have been playing significant roles in the field of physics till today. So, why did Roger Penrose tag the string theory ‘wrong’ and claim that dark matter does not exist, what are the misconceptions about this and what solution did he provide? Let us dive in to reveal the vagueness and assertions.

Body

Kaku, Penrose and the concepts of spring theory and dark matter
Sir Roger Penrose is a British mathematician, mathematical physicist, philosopher of science and Nobel Laureate in Physics. Michio Kaku is the author of several books about physics and related topics and has made frequent appearances on radio, television, and film.
In physics, string theory is a theoretical framework in which the point-like particles of particle physics are replaced by one-dimensional objects called strings. String theory describes how these strings propagate through space and interact with each other. On distance scales larger than the string scale, a string looks just like an ordinary particle, with its mass, charge, and other properties determined by the vibrational state of the string. In string theory, one of the many vibrational states of the string corresponds to the graviton, a quantum mechanical particle that carries the gravitational force. Thus, string theory is a theory of quantum gravity. Therefore, what does dark matter entail in physics?
Dark matter, a component of the universe whose presence is discerned from its gravitational attraction rather than its luminosity. Dark matter makes up 30.1 percent of the matter-energy composition of the universe; the rest is dark energy (69.4 percent) and “ordinary” visible matter (0.5 percent). In short, dark matter are mysterious substances that affect and shape the cosmos
Dark matter is completely invisible. It emits no light or energy and thus cannot be detected by conventional sensors and detectors. The key to its elusive nature must lie in its composition, scientists think. Scientists only speculate what dark matter is made of. It could be composed of baryons but it could also be non-baryonic, that means consisting of different types of particles.
Most scientists think that dark matter is composed of non-baryonic matter. The lead candidate, WIMPS (weakly interacting massive particles), are believed to have ten to a hundred times the mass of a proton, but their weak interactions with "normal" matter make them difficult to detect. Neutralinos, massive hypothetical particles heavier and slower than neutrinos, are the foremost candidate, though they have yet to be spotted.
String theory is a broad and varied subject that attempts to address a number of deep questions of fundamental physics. String theory has contributed a number of advances to mathematical physics, which have been applied to a variety of problems in black hole physics, early universe cosmology, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics, and it has stimulated a number of major developments in pure mathematics. Because string theory potentially provides a unified description of gravity and particle physics, it is a candidate for a theory of everything, a self-contained mathematical model that describes all fundamental forces and forms of matter. Despite much work on these problems, it is not known to what extent string theory describes the real world or how much freedom the theory allows in the choice of its details. However, there are postulated controversies concerning the authenticities of these concepts and claims, what are those and what are they about?

Penrose’s rejection of Cosmic Inflation as Mere Fantasy
In physical cosmology, cosmic inflation, cosmological inflation, or just inflation, is a theory of exponential expansion of space in the early universe. The inflationary epoch is believed to have lasted from 10−36 seconds to between 10−33 and 10−32 seconds after the Big Bang: the idea that the Universe, as we observe it and exist within it today, emerged from a hotter, denser, more uniform past . It is assumed that the Universe we see is expanding and getting less dense today, then that means it was smaller and denser in the past. If radiation, things like photons, is present in that Universe, then the wavelength of that radiation will stretch as the Universe expands, meaning it cools as time goes on and was hotter in the past.

Following the inflationary period, the universe continued to expand, but at a slower rate. The re-acceleration of this slowing expansion due to dark energy began after the universe was already over 7.7 billion years old (5.4 billion years ago). Now, unveil the argument to this.

On the contrary, Penrose dismisses the concept of cosmic inflation, proposing that it is more a product of imaginative thinking than a plausible explanation for the early universe's rapid expansion. He is even more unhappy about the state of modern cosmology, the science of the origin and development of the universe. He was one of the subject’s great pioneers in the 1960s, when he and others, notably Stephen Hawking applied relativity theory to black holes, objects so dense that not even light can escape them. But he has since become increasingly mistrustful of the way his peers have applied relativity and quantum theory to the cosmos. He rejects many of the widely accepted ideas in modern cosmology as ‘fantasy’, especially the theory that the universe very briefly inflates at an increasingly rapid rate before settling down to a slower rate of expansion. Although the basic idea and many of its offspring have survived some observational tests, Penrose is having none of it. The theory is utterly implausible, he says, like many other modern cosmological ideas that still await direct observational confirmation. That is not all.

Furthermore, Nobel Laureate Roger Penrose worked on black holes, and singularities in the 1960s and 1970s which was absolutely Nobel-worthy, has spent a large amount of his efforts in recent years on a crusade to overthrow inflation: by promoting a vastly scientifically inferior alternative, his pet idea of a Conformal Cyclic Cosmology.

The biggest predictive difference is that the CCC pretty much requires that an imprint of “the Universe before the Big Bang shows itself in both the Universe’s large-scale structure and in the cosmic microwave background: the Big Bang’s leftover glow. Contrariwise, inflation demands that anywhere where inflation ends and a hot Big Bang arises must be causally disconnected from, and cannot interact with, any prior, current, or future such region. Our Universe exists with properties that are independent of any other. These are excellent discoveries by the way

These observations first from COBE and WMAP, and more recently, from Planck, definitively place enormously tight constraints on any such structures. There are no bruises on our Universe, no repeating patterns, no concentric circles of irregular fluctuations, no Hawking points. To what extent did other scientists agree with Penrose’s point of view and proposal?

Penrose's idea that the Universe contains low-temperature-variance concentric circles.
For approximately 10 years, Roger Penrose has been [+]. Although, much like Hoyle, Penrose isn’t alone in his assertions, the data is so opposed to what he contends. The predictions that he’s made are refuted by the data, and his claims to see these effects are only reproducible if one analyzes the data in a scientifically unsound and illegitimate fashion. Hundreds of scientists have pointed this out to Penrose repeatedly and consistently over a period of more than 10 years who continues to ignore the field and plow ahead with his contentions. Penrose did not stop there.

String Theory: wrong or incomplete for Penrose?
String theory is another framework relating to cosmic inflation, aiming to describe fundamental aspects of the universe. They intersect in several ways like string landscape and the multiverse, stabilization of extra dimensions, predictions for cosmological observables, string cosmology and observations, therefore providing clear explanations on the concept of cosmology as a whole. Provide intelligence, there must be consciousness, says Pensrose. What is the explanation behind this as Penrose talks about String theory and quantum mechanics?
Quantum mechanics is an incredible theory that explains all sorts of things that couldn’t be explained before, starting with the stability of atoms, and others. Quantum mechanics has a lot of experimental support, so we have to go along with a lot of it. Nonetheless, so long as it is not a unification with GR, QM and GR remain incomplete. I doubt you can find a single physicist who would disagree that QM, as great and well working model as it is, is still incomplete.
His remarks regarding string theory are also misrepresented. His complaint, reasonably, is that it is not a theory as there has been no experimental support. Again, even theoretical physicists studying string theory will not argue that that work is incomplete and not able to make verifiable predictions. There is an ocean of difference between labeling something as ‘wrong’ and something as more “still in process”. So, not a theory, rather, a hypothesis.
Regarding artificial intelligence, that too is misrepresented. Penrose asserts that intelligence requires consciousness and that machines, lacking consciousness, cannot produce human intelligence. Penrose uses Godel’s formula as proof; others argue the formula is misapplied. Regardless, Penrose does not simply disregard others’ works, he assesses and opines. Like people do. Further, it is criticism of the likes of Penrose that are used as guidelines for the development of artificial intelligence. Penrose gives laser focus to the challenge of creating artificial intelligence.
It is a powerful idea, that string theory lacks authenticity, or rather called ‘completion’ because of these two reasons; there is no way to test if the strings the theory describes actually exist or that they interact as the theory says they do, there are too many of them, that is, there is not a single string theory, but several. ‘When there is evidence or proof, there will not be much explanation’. Is there really a proof or experiment as back up as to Penrose’s assertions on string theory, cosmology and dark matters?
Dark Matter and its Decay, According to Conformal Cyclic Cosmology
InConformal Cyclic Cosmology, the role of inflation is taken over by the expanding history of the previous time. In a sense, “inflation” of a sort does take place in Conformal Cyclic Cosmology, but it occurs “before”, rather than after the Big Bang. Let us check more
For the exponential expansion of the remote future of the previous time to provide the near scale-invariant CMB temperature fluctuations that are observed, we need something to take over the role of the quantum fluctuations of an inflaton field, which are demanded by conventional ΛCDM theory. Thus, in Conformal Cyclic Cosmology, we need an appropriate source for the CMB temperature fluctuations, which would have to inhabit the exponentially expanding phase of the previous aeon in a spatially very uniformly distributed way. The most plausible candidate would appear to be the decay of the dark-matter particles which would come about according to Conformal Cyclic Cosmology as the quantum constituents of the Ω-field that dominates the matter content of the universe immediately after crossover. These should be called dark-matter particles erebons, after Erebos, the primordial ancient Greek god of darkness. Since the erebons need to be created afresh, according to Conformal Cyclic Cosmology, at the beginning of each aeon, they must decay completely during the course of each aeon. It is the erebon decay that Conformal Cyclic Cosmology proposes to be the source of the CMB temperature fluctuations the succeeding aeon.
Erebons would have to be rather unusual particles. They are simply the product of gravitation alone, according to CCC, and would interact only gravitationally. Since no other physical interactions (electromagnetic, weak, or strong) are involved, their mass would have to be something of the order of a Planck mass (10−5 g) or thereabouts, perhaps with some factor such as 8π involved. From the point of view of standard Poincaré-invariant particle physics, erebons would be completely stable particles, but, in the presence of a cosmological constant Λ, erebos should be able to decay, with a lifetime of perhaps something like 1011 years, in my estimation, and could be the cause of the (near) scale-invariant CMB temperature fluctuations in the following aeon, according to Conformal Cyclic Cosmology. The inflations of conventional ΛCDM theory cannot be playing this role in CCC, since there is no inflation in CCC. Instead, in Conformal Cyclic Cosmology, it is the erebon decay in the previous aeon that takes over the inflations ’ role.
If, indeed, erebon decay is responsible, as Conformal Cyclic Cosmology seems to demand, then we must take into account the erebon mass which, though enormous from the point of view of standard particle physics, is well within the range of possibilities allowed by astrophysical observation. The issue of quantum state reduction,i.e, how it is that quantum amplitudes seem to get converted into measures describing the various probabilities of the occurrences of different classical alternatives is highly fraught and contentious. However, there is a general point of view, that it is gravity which affects the physical reduction of a quantum state into classical alternatives. Although the different schemes of this kind differ somewhat from each other, there is the general expectation that within such proposals the quantum state of a Planck-mass particle ought to be continually self-reducing, so that, individually it ought to behave very like a classical particle, and its decay may be regarded as a classical event.
There is an intriguing issue concerning whether such erebon decays in our own aeon might be detectable by gravitational wave detectors such as LIGO. It is even conceivable that there may be hints of such signals (from distant galaxies) in the “noise” surrounding black-hole encounters as detected by LIGO. Perhaps, instead, erebon decay will need detectors of a different kind to see erebon decays in our aeon, if such decays actually do exist, of the kind described here
Penrose's black hole and legacy

The Penrose mechanism is theorized as a means whereby energy can be extracted from a rotating black hole. The process takes advantage of the ergosphere: a region of spacetime around the black hole dragged by its rotation faster than the speed of light, meaning that from the point of view of an outside observer any matter inside is forced to move in the direction of the rotation of the black hole.
In the process, a working body falls (black thick line in the figure) into the ergosphere (gray region). At its lowest point (red dot) the body fires a propellant backwards; however, to a faraway observer both seem to continue to move forward due to frame-dragging (although at different speeds). The propellant, being slowed, falls (thin gray line) to the event horizon of the black hole. The remains of the body, being sped up, fly away (thin black line) with an excess of energy (that more than offsets the loss of the propellant and the energy used to shoot it). What is the total energy output?
The maximum amount of energy gain possible for a single particle decay through the original Penrose process is 20.7% of its mass in the case of an uncharged black hole (assuming the best case of maximal rotation of the black hole). The energy is taken from the rotation of the black hole, so there is a limit on how much energy one can extract by Penrose process and similar strategies (for an uncharged black hole no more than 29% of its original mass; larger efficiencies are possible for charged rotating black holes).
"While Einstein's general theory of relativity predicts the existence of black holes, Einstein didn't himself believe they really existed," said Prof Jim Al-Khalili, who interviewed Sir Roger for the BBC's The Life Scientific programme in 2016. "Penrose was the first to prove mathematically, in 1965, that they are a natural consequence of relativity theory and not just science fiction."
Whenever anyone thinks of black holes, it's often in the context of the late Stephen Hawking. And the pair spent a lot of time in the late 60s and 70s working on the same problems after being brought together by Hawking's PhD supervisor, Dennis Sciama.
Their lives ran on parallel tracks for many years.
Both came to wider attention through popular science writing
Roger Penrose, a 85 old man, a mathematical physicist who made his name decades ago with groundbreaking work in general relativity and then, working with Stephen Hawking, helped conceptualize black holes and gravitational singularities, a point of infinite density out of which the universe may have formed. He also invented “twistor theory,” a new way to connect quantum mechanics with the structure of spacetime. His discovery of certain geometric forms known as ‘Penrose tiles’; an ingenious design of non-repeating patterns that led to new directions of study in mathematics and crystallography. His book is a legacy as well

The breadth of Penrose’s interests is extraordinary, which is evident in his recent book Fashion, Faith and Fantasy in the New Physics of the Universe; a dense 500 page tome that challenges some of the trendiest but still unproven theories in physics, from the multiple dimensions of string theory to cosmic inflation in the first moment of the Big Bang. With no doubt, he has contributed a huge quota to the whole universe.

Outro
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